In the present study, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities, and total phenolic contents of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of various parts of Allium paradoxum, Buxus hyrcana, Convolvulus persicus, Eryngium caucasicum, Heracleum persicum, Pimpinella affinis, Parrotia persica, Primula heterochroma, Pyrus boissieriana, Ruscus hyrcanus, and Smilax excelsa were investigated. These plants, which mostly serve as food flavoring, were collected from Hyrcania region, Sari, Iran. Some extracts of H. persicum, S. excels, P. boissieriana, P. persica, and P. heterochroma exhibited significant antidiabetic activities in α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays, more effective than acarbose (concentrations that cause 50% inhibition = 75.7 μg/mL and 6.1 μg/mL against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively). Also, C. persicus, P. boissieriana, and P. heterochroma showed strong antioxidant activities, compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (concentration that causes 50% inhibition = 16.7 μg/mL). In conclusion, this study can recommend these plants as good candidates for further investigations to find potent antidiabetic natural products or probable lead compounds. Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and total phenolic contents (r = 0.711, p < 0.001).

A series of poly-functionalized tacrine-derived compounds namely 5-amino-2-phenyl-4H-pyrano[2,3-b]quinoline-3-carboxylates were designed and synthesized as cholinesterases inhibitors. The in vitro inhibition assay against AChE and BuChE demonstrated that most of compounds had potent AChE inhibitory with reserving potential of BuChE inhibition. Among them, compound 6i bearing a 4-(3-bromophenyl) moiety showed the most potent activity against AChE/BuChE (ICs values of 0.069 and 1.35 μM, respectively). The anti-AChE activity of 6i was five times more than that of tacrine. The SAR study revealed that chloro/bromo substituent at ortho or meta position of the 4-phenyl ring can improve the anticholinesterase activity.

A novel magnetically recoverable nano-catalyst based on a biimidazole Cu(I) complex has been synthesized by covalent grafting of biimidazole on chloride-functionalized silica@magnetite nanoparticles, followed by metalation with CuI. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by various techniques such as CHN, NMR, FT-IR, TG/DTG, SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, AAS, ICP-OES and VSM which revealed the superparamagnetic nature of the particles. The amount of Cu in the catalyst was measured to be 1.2 mmol g À1 by ICP-OES and AAS.From electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) studies it can be inferred that the particles are mostly spherical in shape and have an average size of 20 nm. Elemental and thermo gravimetric analysis (CHN and TG) results indicate the loading amount of functionalized organic groups on the magnetic material was 1.4 mmol g À1 .The prepared nanocatalyst was shown to have excellent and green catalytic activity in the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in aqueous media. The catalyst can be easily recovered by applying an external magnetic field and reused for atleast 10 times without deterioration in catalytic activity.

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