Salmonella is one of the main causes of foodborne infectious diseases, posing a serious threat to public health. It can enter the food supply chain at various stages of production, processing, distribution, and marketing. High prevalence of Salmonella necessitates efficient and effective approaches for its identification, detection, and monitoring at an early stage. Because conventional methods based on plate counting and real‐time polymerase chain reaction are time‐consuming and laborious, novel rapid detection methods are urgently needed for in‐field and on‐line applications. Biosensors provide many advantages over conventional laboratory assays in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, and show superiority in rapid response and potential portability. They are now recognized as promising alternative tools and one of the most on‐site applicable and end user–accessible methods for rapid detection. In recent years, we have witnessed a flourishing of studies in the development of robust and elaborate biosensors for detection of Salmonella in food. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on Salmonella biosensors by highlighting different signal‐transducing mechanisms (optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric, etc.) and critically analyzing its recent trends, particularly in combination with nanomaterials, microfluidics, portable instruments, and smartphones. Furthermore, current challenges are emphasized and future perspectives are discussed.
Exploring
new functions of nanomaterials can help facilitate the
development of biosensors for the detection of antibiotics. Herein,
a new detection modality based on monovalent antigen-induced aggregation
(MAA) of immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) was proposed for rapid and label-free
detection of enrofloxacin (ENR), which endowed IMBs with the abilities
of both sample separation and signal generation. In the presence of
ENR, the initially well-dispersed IMBs were aggregated and the degree
of aggregation was in a concentration-dependent manner. After exploring
the mechanism underlying IMB aggregation and investigating the key
parameters affecting it, a label-free biosensing platform was developed
for rapid and sensitive detection of ENR. Based on the significant
differences in the magnetic separation speed and size between the
aggregated and well-dispersed IMBs, two methods were proposed for
quantitatively determining ENR, i.e., measuring the turbidity of the
IMB supernatant after magnetic separation for a given time and visualizing
and calculating the grayscale value of the aggregated IMBs trapped
on the surface of a nitrocellulose membrane. A three-dimensional (3D)-printed
syringe was designed and fabricated for automatic filtration of IMBs.
This immunosensor allowed for sensitive detection of ENR in less than
15 min without any labels. It exhibited a satisfactory limit of detection
of 0.79 ng mL–1 and showed the feasibility for ENR
detection of spiked chicken meat with recovery rates ranging from
74.8 to 98.3%. The MAA immunosensor can act as a promising tool to
detect trace levels of ENR and has the potential to be applied to
complex food samples.
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