Biosensors for rapid detection of Salmonella in food: A review

Abstract

Salmonella is one of the main causes of foodborne infectious diseases, posing a serious threat to public health. It can enter the food supply chain at various stages of production, processing, distribution, and marketing. High prevalence of Salmonella necessitates efficient and effective approaches for its identification, detection, and monitoring at an early stage. Because conventional methods based on plate counting and real‐time polymerase chain reaction are time‐consuming and laborious, novel rapid detection methods are urgently needed for in‐field and on‐line applications. Biosensors provide many advantages over conventional laboratory assays in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, and show superiority in rapid response and potential portability. They are now recognized as promising alternative tools and one of the most on‐site applicable and end user–accessible methods for rapid detection. In recent years, we have witnessed a flourishing of studies in the development of robust and elaborate biosensors for detection of Salmonella in food. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on Salmonella biosensors by highlighting different signal‐transducing mechanisms (optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric, etc.) and critically analyzing its recent trends, particularly in combination with nanomaterials, microfluidics, portable instruments, and smartphones. Furthermore, current challenges are emphasized and future perspectives are discussed.

An Overview of Optical and Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Analysis of Antioxidants in Food during the Last 5 Years

“…Fluorescent biosensors utilize organic dyes, carbon and graphene quantum dots (CDs and GrQDs, respectively), and semiconductor QDs as fluorophores [ 62 ]. They have attracted more focus due to their clarity, convenience, high sensitivity, high-output, fast response, simplicity of automation, and minimized background signals [ 63 , 64 ]. Their limitation is the requirement of specific instrumentation for reporting their results, which is not economical.…”

Electrochemical Biosensors in Food Safety: Challenges and Perspectives

“…WHO declared Salmonella as one of the four major global causes of diarrheal diseases and one of the pathogenic bacteria with emergent resistant serotypes [92].…”

“…Magalhães [92] has reviewed the commercially available rapid methods for Salmonella detection. The potentialities of electrochemical biosensors for the development of rapid devices are highlighted.…”

Rapid Detection of Salmonella typhimurium in Drinking Water by a White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy Immunosensor

“…The bacteria responsible for these outbreaks are mainly those belonging to species of Salmonella , Escherichia coli , Vibrio cholera, Listeria monocytogenes , and Shigella [ 1 , 2 ]. Among them, Salmonella is the pathogen most frequently responsible for foodborne illnesses worldwide [ 3 , 4 ]. Salmonella is a genus of facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria, which belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family and contains more than 2500 serotypes, from which Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ( S. typhimurium ) is the one most frequently associated with foodborne illnesses in humans [ 5 ].…”

“…Regarding electrochemical immunosensors, devices employing amperometric, potentiometric, impedimetric, and conductimetric detection principles have been exploited for bacteria detection [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Especially attractive are label-free electrochemical sensors based on potentiometry or impedance measurements, which achieve detection limits comparable to or lower than those employing labels for detection [ 4 , 22 , 23 ]. On the other hand, immunosensors based on piezoelectric transducers offer label-free detection but their sensitivity is inadequate for food analysis [ 24 , 25 ].…”