The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture and public health campaigns has been associated with an increase of oxidative stress and DNA damage, resulting in health outcomes. Some defense mechanisms against free radical-induced oxidative damage include the antioxidant enzyme systems. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and the relationship of antioxidant enzyme levels with DNA damage among sprayers (workers) occupationally exposed to pesticides. The determinations of MDA and antioxidant enzymes were performed spectrophotometrically. The genotoxic effects were evaluated using the comet assay. The results showed a marginally significant decrease in SOD and CAT activities in the high exposure group compared to the control group. For MDA, statistically significant differences were found among people working long term vs. those working temporarily (P = 0.02) as sprayers. In the moderate exposure group, a positive correlation was observed between MDA levels and GPx activity. In the high exposure group, a negative correlation was observed between GR and CAT activities, and between MDA levels and GPx activities. Furthermore, in the high exposure group, a positive correlation between DNA damage parameters and MDA levels was observed. The results suggest an important role of antioxidant enzymes for the protection of DNA damage caused by occupational exposure to pesticides.

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Temephos (Tem) is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used to kill and prevent the growth of the main vectors for the transmission of dengue, zika, and chikungunya viruses. In chlorinated water, Tem is oxidized to its dioxon-sulfoxide (Tem-dox-SO), dioxon-sulfone (Tem-dox-SO2), and sulfoxide (Tem-SO) derivatives; however, these compounds are not commercially available to be used as standards and in toxicological studies. In the present study, we synthesized and characterized the Tem-oxidation products and the compound 4,4′-sulfinyldiphenol. These compounds were obtained by a simple reaction between Tem or 4,4′-thiodiphenol with sodium hypochlorite or potassium periodate, and were characterized by IR, NMR, and UPLC-HRESIMS. The in vitro evaluation of inhibitory potency of Tem-oxidized products on human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC AChE) showed that Tem-dox-SO2 was the most potent inhibitor of human RBC AChE, and its effect was more pronounced than that observed for ethyl-paraoxon, a potent typical inhibitor of AChE. An HPLC-DAD method for the analysis of metabolic products of Tem was developed, which may be useful for monitoring in biological and environmental samples. The ability of Tem-oxidized metabolites to inhibit human RBC AChE suggests that the addition of Tem to chlorinated drinking water could result in an increase in the risk of RBC AChE inhibition after exposure.

Substantial efforts have been devoted to developing and applying biomarkers for ecological risk assessment. Bivalve mollusks, such as mussels and oysters, are commonly used in environmental monitoring programs because of their wide geographical distribution, great sensitivity to environmental pollutants, and ability to accumulate anthropogenically derived chemicals at a high rate. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and metallothionein (MT's) content are representative specific biomarkers that indicate the presence of anticholinesterasic compounds (like organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides) and metals, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate AChE activity and MT's content in Crassostrea corteziensis from Boca de Camichín estuary. The results obtained here showed that AChE activity was 65% lower in oysters from Boca de Camichín than in control organisms. In contrast, MT's content in collected organisms was not statistically different from that in control organisms. AChE activity and MT's content in oysters could be used as early biomarkers of effects and exposure to pesticides and heavy metals, respectively, in aquatic environments.

Our results suggest that pesticide exposure modifies biochemical and hematological biomarkers in the study population, and that the phenotype of PON1 (CMPAase) is a sensible susceptibility biomarker of OP pesticide toxicity.

Extensive research has been carried out to understand and elucidate the mechanisms of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in the development of diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the relationship between PON1 and cancer. The data suggest that PON1, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and cancer are closely linked. Certainly, the gene expression of PON1 will remain challenging to study. Therefore, targeting PON1, redox-sensitive pathways, and transcription factors promise prevention and therapy in the development of several diseases, including cancer.