Background and Objectives: Anemia in

Background: Knowledge and identification of risk factors for preeclampsia will help in estimating each woman's individualized risk and possibly reduce the recurrence risk of preeclampsia. So this study was conducted to assess and compare the socio-demographic profile of women with and without preeclampsia and to determine the risk factors associated with preeclampsia. Methodology: This Hospital based Case control analytical study was conducted among 180 preeclampsia case and 180 control subjects at Mahila chikitsalaya, Jaipur, from June 2014 to May 2015. Results: Bivariate analysis found that preeclampsia was significantly associated with rural residence (p=0.033), joint family type (p=0.025), low education of head of family(p=0.007), young age at menarche (11-12years) (p<0.001) Anemia (P=0.034) and primiparity (p<0.001), Family history of preeclampsia (p<0.001) and hypertension (p=0.007) and Non veg. diet (p=0.042). Preeclampsia was not found to be significantly associated with history of previous abortion, inter pregnancy period and sex of last child of multiparous women and ANC characteristics, TT immunization, IFA tablets, twin pregnancy or gestational diabetes. In the multiple regression analysis, Age >30 years, Preobese (BMI=25-29.9), obese (BMI≥30 Kg/ m2), Primiparity, age of menarche at 12 years and rural residence were found to be independent risk factors associated with Preeclampsia. Conclusion: Age>30 years, Preobese, Obese, Primiparity, early age of menarche (12 years) and Rural residence were found as significant predictor for development of Preeclampsia. Most of these factors are non modifiable, but can be used to screen women during antenatal visits to identify those at higher risk of Preeclampsia.

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Introduction: Rabies is an infectious viral disease that is almost always fatal. It is present on all continents, except Antarctica, with over 95% of human deaths occurring in the Asia and Africa regions. Treating a rabies exposure, where the average cost of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is US$ 40 in Africa, and US$ 49 in Asia, can be a catastrophic financial burden on affected families whose average daily income is around US$ 1-2 per person. Study was conducted with the objectives to analyse the direct and indirect out of pocket expenditure of the post exposure prophylaxis of animal bites in spite of free supply of anti-rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin. Material and methods: A cross sectional observational study was carried out at Anti Rabies Clinic, SMS Hospital Jaipur, Rajasthan from October 2018 to March 2019 to know out of pocket expenditure of animal bite patients and its determinants. Prior approval from institutional ethics committee and informed consent were taken and a pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was filled from the persons attending anti rabies clinic on last visit of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Apart from socio-demographic details, information about direct or indirect out of pocket expenditure due to animal bite was recorded and analysis was done using chi square test, ANOVA test, 't'-test and univariate and multivariate regression. Results: Total out of pocket expenditure by 81 studied patients was Rs. 53201.00, out of which 91.69% i.e. Rs. 48780.00 were indirect expenses and 5.04% i.e. Rs. 2681.00 was expenditure on medical and surgical management including registration and consumables. Only 3.27% i.e. Rs. 1740.00 was on post exposure anti-rabies prophylaxis of 81 patients. Mean out of pocket expenditure was Rs. 656.80±1387.76 ranging from Rs. 0.00 to Rs. 8550.00 per patient with median of Rs. 290.00. Conclusion: Despite free supply of anti-rabies vaccine and anti-rabies serum under Mukhyamantri Nishulk Dava Yojna (MNDY) the indirect out of pocket expenditure in animal bite treatment is still high, which should draw attention for policy makers.