Background and Objectives: Anemia in

Background: Knowledge and identification of risk factors for preeclampsia will help in estimating each woman's individualized risk and possibly reduce the recurrence risk of preeclampsia. So this study was conducted to assess and compare the socio-demographic profile of women with and without preeclampsia and to determine the risk factors associated with preeclampsia. Methodology: This Hospital based Case control analytical study was conducted among 180 preeclampsia case and 180 control subjects at Mahila chikitsalaya, Jaipur, from June 2014 to May 2015. Results: Bivariate analysis found that preeclampsia was significantly associated with rural residence (p=0.033), joint family type (p=0.025), low education of head of family(p=0.007), young age at menarche (11-12years) (p<0.001) Anemia (P=0.034) and primiparity (p<0.001), Family history of preeclampsia (p<0.001) and hypertension (p=0.007) and Non veg. diet (p=0.042). Preeclampsia was not found to be significantly associated with history of previous abortion, inter pregnancy period and sex of last child of multiparous women and ANC characteristics, TT immunization, IFA tablets, twin pregnancy or gestational diabetes. In the multiple regression analysis, Age >30 years, Preobese (BMI=25-29.9), obese (BMI≥30 Kg/ m2), Primiparity, age of menarche at 12 years and rural residence were found to be independent risk factors associated with Preeclampsia. Conclusion: Age>30 years, Preobese, Obese, Primiparity, early age of menarche (12 years) and Rural residence were found as significant predictor for development of Preeclampsia. Most of these factors are non modifiable, but can be used to screen women during antenatal visits to identify those at higher risk of Preeclampsia.

IntroductionIndia is responsible for the second-highest maternal deaths and the greatest burden of stillbirths worldwide. The cost of intranatal services is an important determining factor, especially in developing countries like India. Most studies report the cost of delivery from the patient's perspective, but there is a lack of studies from the health system's perspective. This present study aimed to bridge this gap by estimating the overall and unit costs of various types of deliveries at a tertiary-level hospital in Rajasthan, India. MethodsThe cost estimation of intranatal services was conducted in a tertiary-level teaching hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan. This cost analysis undertook the health system's perspective, using bottom-up costing methodology. Data on all the resources (capital/recurrent) used for the delivery of intranatal care from April 2020 to March 2021 were collected. Sensitivity analysis was done to account for any variability in cost components on overall intranatal service cost. ResultsThe annual cost of intranatal care services at the tertiary care hospital was INR 149,011,957 (USD 1,988,152). The unit cost per vaginal delivery was INR 8,244.4 (USD 109.9) and the unit cost per cesarean section was INR 10,696.2 (USD 142.7). Among various heads of expenditure, 'human resource' costs were predominant, accounting for 47.7% of the total costs, followed by 'building/space' and 'overhead' costs, accounting for 30.59% and 11.1%, respectively. ConclusionThe results may help plan and manage intra-natal care services in Rajasthan. Apart from the judicious utilization of resources, the findings of the study may also serve as a basis for future health economic studies.

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