Lipidomics is an important branch of metabolomics, which aims at the detailed analysis of lipid species and their multiple roles in the living system. In recent years, the development of various analytical methods for effective identification and characterization of lipids has greatly promoted the process of lipidomics. Meanwhile, as many diseases demonstrate a remarkable alteration in lipid profiles compared with that of healthy people, lipidomics has been extensively introduced to disease research. The comprehensive lipid profiling provides a chance to discover novel biomarkers for specific disease. In addition, it plays a crucial role in the study of lipid metabolism, which could illuminate the pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, after brief discussion of analytical methods for lipidomics in clinical research, we focus on the recent advances of lipidomics related to four types of diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer's disease.
Two-dimensional
heterojunctions exhibit many unique features in
nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices. However, heterojunction
engineering requires a complicated alignment process and some defects
are inevitably introduced during material preparation. In this work,
a laser scanning technique is used to construct a lateral WSe2 p–n junction. The laser-scanned region shows p-type
behavior, and the adjacent region is electrically n-doped with a proper
gate voltage. The laser-oxidized product WO
x
is found to be responsible for this p-type doping. After laser scanning,
WSe2 displays a change from ambipolar to unipolar p-type
property. A significant photocurrent emerges at the p–n junction.
Therefore, a self-powered WSe2 photodetector can be fabricated
based on this junction, which presents a large photoswitching ratio
of 106, a high photoresponsivity of 800 mA W–1, and a short photoresponse time with long-term stability and reproducibility.
Therefore, this selective laser-doping method is prospective in future
electronic applications.
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. The study of biomarkers and pathogenesis is vital for early diagnosis and treatment of stroke. In the present study, a continuous-flow normal-phase/reversed-phase two-dimensional liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (NP/RP 2D LC-QToF/MS) method was employed to measure lipid species in human plasma, including healthy controls and lacunar infarction (LI) patients. As a result, 13 lipid species were demonstrated with significant difference between the two groups, and a "plasma biomarker model" including glucosylceramide (38:2), phosphatidylethanolamine (35:2), free fatty acid (16:1), and triacylglycerol (56:5) was finally established. This model was evaluated as an effective tool in that area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reached 1.000 in the discovery set and 0.947 in the validation set for diagnosing LI patients from healthy controls. Besides, the sensitivity and specificity of disease diagnosis in validation set were 93.3% and 96.6% at the best cutoff value, respectively. This study demonstrates the promising potential of NP/RP 2D LC-QToF/MS-based lipidomics approach in finding bio-markers for disease diagnosis and providing special insights into the metabolism of stroke induced by small vessel disease. Graphical abstract Flow-chart of the plasma biomarker model establishment through biomarker screening and validation.
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