Based on the decomposed theory of planned behavior, this study used path analysis to examine the relative strength of the factors that influence teachers' use of instructional technology. The study focused on teachers' use of word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software, e-mail, and Web browsers. A path analysis was performed on self-reported data from 242 secondary science teachers in Taiwan. Results showed that the decomposed theory of planned behavior seriously over simplified the web of forces that influence teachers' use of this technology. Teachers' technology use and their inclination toward its use (attitude and intention) are primarily determined by the teacher-technology interface (ease-of-use, computer self-efficacy, and perceived usefulness). The teacher-technology interface is influenced by the objective environment for instructional technology (technical support, computer access, and to a limited extent professional development opportunities). The objective environment is itself weakly influenced by the subjective environment (administrative support, peer use, and subjective norms). The study provided useful information for policymakers and school administrators by helping them realize the complexity of the task of influencing teachers to increase their use of instructional technology.

Recently, in IoT, wireless sensor network has become a critical technology with which many applications in industries and human life can achieve smart IoT control. However, for those daily applications using WSN technology, malicious users can capture the sensor nodes much easily since these wireless sensor nodes are usually deployed in easily touched places. Once this node captured attack occurs, wireless sensor network soon faces various security risks. In this paper, in order to resist node captured attack, we propose a novel authentication information exchange scheme in WSN, which is very different from the previous authentication researches. Our idea is to add an authentication information exchange scheme in previous authentication scheme but not propose new one. We develop this scheme based on the idea of the association scheme of Home GWN and local sensor nodes. In this study, HGWN should contact all local sensor nodes and meanwhile is responsible for performing an authentication information exchange scheme for resisting security risk. In order to prevent the attacker from guessing communication period between HGWN and the sensor, we also design a dynamic contacting mechanism. We give a detail discussion of this scheme and validate it by three ways, security evaluation, BAN logic and performance evaluation, which proves that our authentication information exchange scheme can achieve security features and goals.

This study aims to explore the relationships among three presences, namely cognitive presence, social presence and teaching presence in a Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework in the context of interdisciplinary project-based learning (IPBL) through the collaborative technology Google Applications. The survey data was collected from 138 students with mixed subject specialism participated in a cultural creativity project. All participants were randomly assigned into one of two groups. The control group used online discussion boards, while the treatment group used the Google Applications as a collaborative technology to support the project learning. The results of the study showed that the students' cognitive presence was positively influenced by the teaching and social presence, which supported the theoretical CoI framework. Moreover, in an IPBL context with the support of the Google Applications, social presence had more predictive power in explaining students' cognitive presence than the support provided by the online discussion boards.

Due to the rapid progress of information technology and the Internet generation of students now on campus, game-based learning (GBL) has become an important issue with regard to education. In addition, in an increasingly competitive work environment, students need to cultivate not only their own abilities, but also the ability to collaborate with colleagues after graduation. However, such collaboration needs to be directed by appropriate guidance in order to demonstrate the expected results, and the rules of the related game guide can be applied to achieve this. Therefore, it is of interest to analyse students' learning processes in a digital game with a collaborative learning environment. In this study, we designed a digital history game providing collaboration opportunities for learners to solve problems. The partial least squares (PLS) approach was applied to analyse the effects of this collaboration on the attitude towards and willingness to use game learning, in order to validate our research model.

This study examines the influences of learners' characteristics on the development of computer self-efficacy using the GOMS (goal, operators, methods, and selection rules) model. Students' learning style, prior computer course experience, and computer self-efficacy were measured in the pretest, and computer self-efficacy was measured in the posttest to examine the development of computer self-efficacy during the fall of 2001 in a computer introductory course in a non-traditional Taiwanese University. Results indicate that there were statistically significant effects of learning style and prior computer course experiences on computer self-efficacy. The follow-up analysis revealed that the Converger learning style students (abstract learners) outperformed other learning style students (concrete learners). Furthermore, a positive linear relationship was found between computer self-efficacy and the number of prior computer courses taken, which indicates that the more courses students had taken, the higher the level of computer self-efficacy the students developed. The result did support the GOMS model as a useful theoretical model to improve the computer literacy instruction.