The present study was aimed at analyzing the chemical components of the essential oil from six Pyrrosia species by GC/MS and evaluating their in vitro antibacterial activities. Seventy volatile compounds were identified in the essential oil of six Pyrrosia samples. The identified volatile components were divided into following nine categories: aldehydes, terpenoids, fatty acids, ketones, furans, hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, and phenols. The major components of the essential oil were 2,4-pentadienal, phytol and nonanal. The antimicrobial assays showed that the essential oils from Pyrrosia samples exhibited a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, P. lingua had the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.5 μL/mL. This article is the first report of the chemical components and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from six Pyrrosia species, which will lay the foundation for developing medicinal resources from Pyrrosia fronds.
The continued development of folk medicine to potentially treat infectious diseases has resulted in an increase in natural sources of antimicrobial agents, particularly the use of plant essential oils containing volatile products from secondary metabolism. The objectives of this investigation were to (i) analyze the chemical components of essential oils using GC/MS and (ii) to examine their in vitro antimicrobial activities against four strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri) and one fungus (Candida albicans) by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) in liquid and solid media, respectively, from different Pyrrosia petiolosa locations. Eightyeight evaporable compounds were confirmed in their essential oils; the major components in the oils were 2,4pentadienal (12.5 %), phytol (10.5 %) and nonanal (8.6 %). Based on hierarchical cluster analysis, Pyrrosia samples were categorized into four groups, indicating significant essential oil diversity from different Pyrrosia locations. Results also indicated that essential oils had a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities, particularly against Shigella flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus with MICs of 5 μL/mL. Results from this investigation are the first to record the chemical component and antimicrobial potential of essential oils from different P. Petiolosa locations.
The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides led to a decline in the quality and yield of Bupleurum chinense. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Trichoderma harzianum biofertilizer on the growth, yield, and quality of radix bupleuri and microbial responses. The results showed that T. harzianum biofertilizer promoted the growth of B. chinense and increased the yield and quality of radix bupleuri. In addition, it increased the contents of NH4+–N, NO3−–N, available K, and available P and increased the activities of sucrase and catalase in the rhizosphere soil. High‐throughput analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the rhizosphere were Proteobacteria (28%), Acidobacteria (23%), and Actinobacteria (17%), whereas the dominant fungi were Ascomycota (49%), Zygomycota (30%), and Basidiomycota (6%). After the application of T. harzianum biofertilizer, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria (relative to total bacteria) and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (relative to total fungi) increased, but the relative abundance of Acidobacteria decreased. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) showed that the relative abundance of Pseudarthrobacter, Streptomyces, Rhizobium, Nocardioides, Minimedusa, and Chaetomium were positively correlated with NO3−–N, NH4+–N, available K, available P, sucrase, and catalase in microbial communities, whereas Aeromicrobium and Mortierella were positively correlated with soil organic matter and urease. These results suggest that T. harzianum biofertilizer could significantly improve the yield and quality of radix bupleuri by changing the structure of soil microbial flora and soil enzyme activity. Therefore, it could be recommended for commercial scale production of Bupleurum.
Background drought stress is one of the important environmental factors affecting the quality and yield of medicinal materials, and is the main factor restricting the field production of Bupleurum chinense. B. chinense seedlings sensitive to low moisture, but there are few reports on the molecular mechanism of B. chinense seedlings under drought stress. Therefore, the transcriptome of the leaves and roots of B. chinense seedlings before and after drought were analyzed by Illumina sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis. Results a total of 59.82 GB of clean data was obtained, and the unigenes were compared with Nr, Swissprot, String, GO, KEGG, and Pfam databases. Under drought stress, 3,737 and 6,816 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in leaves and roots of B. chinense, respectively. The obtained DEGs from leaves and roots were classified into 37, and 36 GO terms and were involved in 222 and 253 KEGG pathways, respectively. SSR analysis were obtained identified 33,728 loci, wherein dinucleotides accounted for the largest proportion. Genes involved in diterpenoid and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly over-expressed in roots under drought stress, suggesting these two cellular processes underpin the adaptation and resistance of B. chinense seedlings to drought stress. Conclusions the results provided a theoretical basis for further identification of the molecular mechanism of drought resistance and breeding of drought resistance varieties of B. chinense.
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