The studied UV device, with a combination of swirling motion and UVGI, is effective to inactivate airborne S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and L. pneumophila. This study also explores the factors governing the UVGI and swirling motion against infectious bioaerosols. With understanding the environmental and operational parameters, the studied UV device has the potential to be installed indoors where people are simultaneously present, for example, hospital wards and nursing homes, to prevent the humans from acquiring infectious diseases.

A formulation for calculating the effective permittivity of a piezoelectric layered SAW structure is given and the exact frequency response of ZnO/Diamond/Si layered SAW calculated. The frequency response of an unapodised SAW transducer is calculated and the center frequency shift due to the velocity dispersion explained.In addition, the electromechanical coupling coefficients of the ZnO/Diamond/Si layered half space based on two different formulae are calculated and discussed. Finally, based on the results of the study, we propose a method for modeling the layered SAW device. The advantage of using the effective permittivity method is that not only the null frequency bandwidth but also the center frequency shift and insertion loss can be evaluated.

Wild rice Zizania latifolia is a perennial emergent aquatic plant widely distributed across China. Wild populations of Z. latifolia are important to aquatic ecosystems and are valuable genetic resources for breeding. However, they have been faced with significant habitat losses in recent decades. For 10 nuclear microsatellites, high levels of genetic diversity (HE = 0.572–0.636) were found across seven surveyed populations from central China. The main factors responsible for that were its long life history and predominant outcrossing reproductive system. Low genetic differentiation among populations was found based on Wright's FST = 0.098. Similarly, AMOVA analysis showed only 7.73% of the total molecular variation was attributed to inter‐population differentiation. The weak population structure of Z. latifolia could be due to high gene flow mediated by water or birds (Nm = 2.30, M = 2.18). Importantly, most populations exhibited mutation‐drift disequilibrium, suggesting a recent population decline. Based on the results, wild populations of Z. latifolia are expected to lose genetic diversity and increase genetic structure in future generations. Therefore, conservation management is urgently needed to maintain the genetic resources of Z. latifolia.

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