Background: The purpose of this review was to explore the uptake of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, its associated factors, and the facilitators of and barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescents. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted through 5 electronic databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Medline, and PsycInfo from January 2006 to March 2015 for studies examining the uptake, awareness, knowledge, acceptability, and intention of adolescents with regard to HPV vaccination. Results: Twenty-eight studies were identified and included. The HPV vaccination uptake rate (at least 1 dose) varied significantly among countries, ranging from 2.4% to 94.4%. Scotland achieved the highest uptake of all the studies included in this review, while Hong Kong had the lowest, at 2.4% to 9.1%. This review also showed that adolescents had limited awareness and knowledge of HPV infections and vaccines, even 10 years after the vaccine had become available. Conclusions: It is recommended that barriers to the uptake of the vaccine should be addressed, and that school-based sexual health education of HPV infection and vaccine promotion should be reinforced.

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The relationship between the shape memory properties and thermomechanical cyclic conditions was investigated with a type of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU). The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of the polyurethane were examined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that the SMPU exhibited good shape memory effects (SMEs) at deformation temperatures ranging from Tg to Tg + 25 °C. The strain recovery ratios increased with the increase of deformation speed and with the decrease in maximum strain. The recovery ratios also increased with increasing fixing speed. Therefore, in practical applications, in order to obtain better SMEs, the SMPU should be cooled to its frozen state as soon as possible after being deformed at a high temperature. The ‘fixity’ dramatically increased with the decrease in fixing temperature. To obtain optimal SMEs, the polymer has to be reheated up to the temperature at which the polymer deformed. In addition, the recovery ratios of the SMPU could increase slightly with the increase of recovery time. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

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Global emergence of Gram-negative bacteria carrying the plasmid-borne resistance genes, blaMBL and mcr, raises a significant challenge to the treatment of life-threatening infections by the antibiotics, carbapenem and colistin (COL). Here, we identify an antirheumatic drug, auranofin (AUR) as a dual inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) and mobilized colistin resistance (MCRs), two resistance enzymes that have distinct structures and substrates. We demonstrate that AUR irreversibly abrogates both enzyme activity via the displacement of Zn(II) cofactors from their active sites. We further show that AUR synergizes with antibiotics on killing a broad spectrum of carbapenem and/or COL resistant bacterial strains, and slows down the development of β-lactam and COL resistance. Combination of AUR and COL rescues all mice infected by Escherichia coli co-expressing MCR-1 and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 5 (NDM-5). Our findings provide potential therapeutic strategy to combine AUR with antibiotics for combating superbugs co-producing MBLs and MCRs.