Спірохетоз кролів поширений повсюдно та вражає в окремих кролівничих господарствах від 3-5 до 30 %, а іноді навіть 90 % тварин. Експериментальна частина роботи виконана в ТОВ «Олбест» Дніпропетровської області впродовж 2016–2019 рр. Дослідження проведено на кролях-самцях 3-4 місячного віку, масою тіла 3,5–4,0 кг каліфорнійської породи відібраних за принципом аналогів. З метою визначення рівня ураженості Treponema cuniculi кролів, їх екскременти досліджували за методом Мак-Мастера та поділили на дві групи: здорові тварини (контрольна група) та хворі тварини (дослідна група). Кількість Т- і В-лімфоцитів визначали методом спонтанного розеткоутворення з еритроцитами барана. Спірохетоз у кролів-самців спричинив істотні зміни кількості популяцій Т- і В-лімфоцитів. Встановлено, що у крові кролів, хворих на трепонемоз, відмічалось кількісне збільшення лімфоцитів, в основному за рахунок вірогідного збільшення В-лімфоцитів до 30,57 % (p<0,001). У крові тварин дослідних груп відмічалась кількісне збільшення Т-лімфоцитів на 35,42 % (p<0,01) за рахунок Т-хелперів, які зросли в 1,82 рази, що вказує на активізацію імунної системи організму кролів. Крім цього, у заражених тварин спостерігалась достовірне зменшення О-лімфоцитів до 8,07 % (p<0,001) та відсотка Т-супресорів – до 15,00 % (p<0,01), порівняно зі здоровими. Такий перерозподіл у популяції Т-клітин зумовив зростання імунорегуляторного індексу у кролів дослідної групи в 4 рази, ніж у здорових. У хворих тварин загальна кількість Т-активних лімфоцитів крові була на 23,85 % більшою, ніж у контроля. В цілому отримані результати досліджень показали, що за впливу збудника Treponema cuniculi у крові кролів призвело до збільшення Т- і В-лімфоцитів, Т-хелперів і Т-активних, на фоні зниження О-лімфоцитів і Т-супресорів. Такий перерозподіл популяцій лімфоцитів, свідчать про імунну відповідь за паразитування спірохет.
Biochemical parameters of rabbit blood are important for the control of animal diseases and the impact on meat productivity of diets and various supplements. The biochemical profile of blood changes under the influence of various factors, including temperature and humidity, which are associated with seasonality. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of seasonality on the biochemical analysis of blood of meat rabbits.The average annual temperature in the rabbitry was 15.9±1.10 °? during the observation period, with minimum values in winter +5.30 °?, maximum values in summer +27.70 °? and an average relative humidity of 68.3±1.2%. The seasonal fluctuations (within physiological values) of some serum indicators of protein-nitrogen metabolism in males of Californian rabbits breed have been established. In spring, we observed a significant increase in the concentration of total protein by 7.0-12.0% and albumin – by 9.7-9.8%. At the same time, the lowest values of urea, creatinine and uric acid were equal or less than the average annual physiological indicators. Deviations of temperature from comfortable indicators in winter and summer led to the adaptive changes in rabbit organisms. We revealed the changes in the creatinine econtent in summer, uric acid content in summer and winter and increased activity of ALAT enzyme in winter and summer. We suggested that in case of rabbit keeping in rooms without artificial regulation of the microclimate, it is necessary to consider the influence of seasonal temperatures on blood serum biochemical parameters.
One of the most important indicators characterizing the state of animal health is leukogram and cellular immunity. The goal of the work was to establish the effect of cysticercosis invasion on the leukoformula and cellular immunity of rabbits. Rabbits were divided into two groups after visual identification of the presence of the larval cysts: healthy (control) and diseased (experimental). The number of lymphocytes was determined by the method of spontaneous rosetting with sheep erythrocytes. The intensity of invasion in experimental animals ranged from 2 to 10 of the larval cysts. The number of leukocytes in infected animals was higher by 9.64 %, (6.37± 0.25 G/l), than in healthy rabbits (5.81±0.31 G/l). We observed eosinophilia in the leukoformul of diseased rabbits (5.71±0.36 %, p<0.01, compared with the control in 4.08±0.50 %), and a high number of stab neutrophils by 1.55 times (p<0.01), which indicates inflammatory processes as a result of parasitizing the pathogen Cysticercus pisiformis. We found that in the blood of infected animals, the percentage of total T-lymphocytes was significantly higher by 4.07 % (p<0.01) and reached 59.81±0.87 % compared with the control (55.74±1.14 %). B-lymphocytes were high in experimental rabbits, both in percentage (36.10 ± 0.96% against 23.52±1.52 %, p<0.001) and in in absolute value (1.35±0.07 G/l against 0.86±0.09 G/l, p<0.001), that is, 1.53 times and 1.57 times, respectively. The number of T-helper cells in rabbits infected with cysticercosis was greater by 1.42 times (p<0.001) compared with healthy ones. Similar changes in these cells were in percentage terms, T-helper were higher by 13.56 % (p<0.001) than in healthy rabbits. We recorded a low rate of both absolute and percentage number of T-suppressors in the blood of the experimental animals against control. Their values respectively amounted to 0.42±0.04 G/l against 0.67±0.05 G/l (p<0.001) and 11.29±0.96% against 19.17±0.91% (p<0.001). The number of O-lymphocytes in rabbits infected was significantly low by 4.46 times (p<0.001), and the percentageby 5.06 times (p<0.001) than in healthy ones. Thus, such quantitative changes in immune cells indicate activation of the immune system in response to invasion.
Despite a huge number of studies, the uniqueness of antiparasitic immunity is so great that there is still insufficient knowledge of the factors contributing to the manifestation of the characteristics of immunity in mixed parasitic diseases of rabbits. Therefore, the question of the influence of the association of pathogens Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp. on indicators of cellular immunity of rabbits is relevant. The study was conducted on 59 male rabbits age 3–5 months of the Californian breed, selected by analogy. Animal were separated into two groups: healthy animals (control group) and sick animals (research group). Intensity of invasion was determined by the method of the Mac-Master. It has been established that the level of damage of rabbits by spirochetosis and eimeriosis was, on average, 1155.17 ± 184.87 and 6668.97 ± 284.16 pathogens in 1 g of feces. The count of T- and B-lymphocytes was determined by the method of spontaneous rosette-formation with sheep erythrocytes. Parasitizing the association of pathogens Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp. was revealed a high number of leukocytes (1.22 times, P < 0.001), which increased mainly due to lymphocytes, which were 1.45 times higher (P < 0.001), as well as neutrophilic metamyelocytes – 1.48 times (P < 0.05), eosinophils – 1.68 times (P < 0.001) and basophils – 1.57 times (P < 0.001) compared with similar blood parameters of healthy animals. In the blood of sick rabbits, the absolute number of T-lymphocytes (1.56 times, P < 0.001) and B-lymphocytes (3.02 times, P < 0.001) was significantly higher in comparison with a low number of O-lymphocytes (3.46 times, P < 0.001) compared with the control. This indicates the redistribution of lymphocytes to cells that carry T and B lymphocyte receptors on the plasma membrane. The absolute number of T-lymphocytes became high due to T-helpers, which in these animals were higher both in absolute (1.87 times, P < 0.001) and percentage (by 9.18%, P < 0.001) compared to control. Moreover, the percentage of T-suppressors in the blood of rabbits of the experimental group was significantly lower on 5.46% (P < 0.05) compared with the same blood count of healthy animals. Such a redistribution of the T-cell population in the peripheral blood of this group of rabbits led to an increase in the immunoregulatory index by 1.64 times (P < 0.01) than in healthy ones. High IRI and the number of T-active lymphocytes (by 28.23%, P < 0.05) in the blood of rabbits with parasitism of the association of pathogens Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp. indicate increased immune system tension.
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