The 16S ribosomal RNA sequences from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Pseudomonas testosteroni have been determined to further delimit the origin of the endosymbiont that gave rise to the mitochondrion. These two prokaryotes represent the a and (3 subdivisions, respectively, of the so-called purple bacteria. The endosymbiont that gave rise to the mitochondrion belonged to the a subdivision, a group that also contains the rhizobacteria, the agrobacteria, and the rickettsias-all prokaryotes that have developed intracellular or other close relationships with eukaryotic cells.
Comparisons among 16S rRNA sequences from various eubacteria reveal a natural relationship between the bacteroides (represented by the Bacteroides fragilis sequence) and a phylogenetic unit that comprises the flavobacteria, cytophagae, flexibacteria, and others (represented by the Flavobacterium heparinum sequence). Although the relationship is not a close one, it is, nevertheless, specific. rRNAs from these two organisms are not only closer to one another in overall sequence than they are to outgroup species (such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens), but they show common idiosyncrasies (i.e., derived characteristics) in both rRNA sequences and higher-order structures.
Four similar strains of gram-negative, red or pink, radiation-resistant, rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from animal feces and freshwater fish. Cell division was a simple type. The deoxyribonucleic acid guanineplus-cytosine (G + C) base ratio was 69 mol% , and menaquinone (MK-8) was found in their respiratory chain.The predominant cellular fatty acids were and C1htl. Ornithine was the diamino acid in the peptidoglycan, and the peptidoglycan type of a representative strain was the ornithine-glycine2 (A3P) type. They stained gram negative (by the Hucker modification staining method), and they showed an unusual cell wall structure similar to that of the genus Deinococcus. Their chemotaxonomic features were also very close to those of Deinococcus species. The ribonuclease T1 catalog of 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid showed a close relationship to those of Deinococcus species. It is proposed that they be named Deinobacter grandis gen. nov., sp. nov.; the designated type strain is KS 0485 (= IAM 13005).In the study of the characterization of organisms that might belong to the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga complex (14), we found that four red or pink pigment-producing bacteria did not have rneso-diaminopimelic acid. We studied and attempted to identify these strains because the lack of meso-diaminopimelic acid is unusual in gram-negative bacteria (16). As shown by Woese and his co-workers (18, 19), the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) oligonucleotide catalogs provide a powerful method for allowing recognition of phylogenetic relationships of unusual bacteria of unknown affiliation. In this case, the catalogs of the organism suggested a relationship to the genus Deifiococcus, which was further supported by the peptidoglycan typing. This paper deals with phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations of the four strains. As a result of this analysis, they are assigned to a new genus, Deinobacter, and a single new species, Deinobacter grandis, is proposed here. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains. Deinobacter grandis KS 0460 was isolated in May 1977 from feces of Elephas maximus raised in the Ueno Zoological Garden, Tokyo, Japan. D. grandis KS 0485, KS 0488, and KS 0492 were isolated in June 1977 from freshwater fish raised in the Freshwater Fisheries Research Laboratory, Hino, Tokyo, Japan. Strain KS 0485 was isolated from the intestines of Cyprinus carpio, strain KS 0488 was isolated from the skin of Cyprinus carpio, and strain KS 0492 was isolated from the skin of Anguilla japonica. All the strains were initially isolated on YP agar (14) containing 0.25% yeast extract, 0.25% peptone, 0.125% NaCl, and 1.5% agar at 30°C.Cell morphology and phenotypic characteristics. Cell division was observed for up to 24 h by the slide culture method (13), and bacteria were cultured at 26°C on yeast extractpeptone agar composed of 1.0% yeast extract, 1.0% peptone, and 1.5% agar. Electron microscopic studies were * Corresponding author.carried out by the previously described method (8) with some modifications. Cells grown on yeast ext...
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