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The main limit of PV systems is the low conversion efficiency of PV panels, which is strongly influenced by their operating temperature. Lack of accuracy in consideration through PV panel temperature increases the financial risk of system installation. This present study investigates the effects of operating temperature on monocrystalline PV panel at Perlis, Malaysia. A selected model of PV panel firstly was simulated using PVsyst software in order to evaluate its output performance. Meanwhile, PROVA 200 used to measure and record all electrical data for outdoor experimental during the sunniest day. Besides, the thermal distribution was analysed through PV panel temperatures and thermal imaging. Simulation results implied that the output power of PV panel decreases with increasing of its working temperature followed by the efficiency. The experimental results obviously show that the standard test condition (STC) parameters do not represent the real operating conditions of PV panel for outdoor conditions. Less output power was produced affected by the atmospheric factors such as solar irradiance and ambient temperature. These both factors strongly affected the PV panel temperature distribution. In short, the elevating of PV panel temperature contributed to the negative impact on output performance of the panel.

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Solar energy is abundantly in nature and sustainable energy resources around the world. The main challenge with the solar field is less amount of sun energy captured by using photovoltaic (PV) systems. The great performance of the PV systems can be achieved if the panel is kept perpendicular to the direction of the radiations of sun. Hence, solar tracker system is the method to keep the optimum position of the PV panel for always perpendicular to the solar radiation. This paper aims to review on various technologies of solar tracking to determine the best PV panel orientation. The various types of technologies of solar tracking system have been discussed which includes passive solar tracker, active solar tracker and chronological tracker system. The movement degrees of solar tracking system also have been addressed which consisting single-axis solar tracking system and dual-axis solar tracking system. This paper is also overviews the tracking techniques performance, construction, performance, advantages, and disadvantages of existing solar tracking system. The limitations of solar tracking systems are also highlighted for future action improvement. Through this research studies, the most favorable solar tracking system was identified as active solar tracker with the dual axis rotation.

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