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The main limit of PV systems is the low conversion efficiency of PV panels, which is strongly influenced by their operating temperature. Lack of accuracy in consideration through PV panel temperature increases the financial risk of system installation. This present study investigates the effects of operating temperature on monocrystalline PV panel at Perlis, Malaysia. A selected model of PV panel firstly was simulated using PVsyst software in order to evaluate its output performance. Meanwhile, PROVA 200 used to measure and record all electrical data for outdoor experimental during the sunniest day. Besides, the thermal distribution was analysed through PV panel temperatures and thermal imaging. Simulation results implied that the output power of PV panel decreases with increasing of its working temperature followed by the efficiency. The experimental results obviously show that the standard test condition (STC) parameters do not represent the real operating conditions of PV panel for outdoor conditions. Less output power was produced affected by the atmospheric factors such as solar irradiance and ambient temperature. These both factors strongly affected the PV panel temperature distribution. In short, the elevating of PV panel temperature contributed to the negative impact on output performance of the panel.

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Solar energy is abundantly in nature and sustainable energy resources around the world. The main challenge with the solar field is less amount of sun energy captured by using photovoltaic (PV) systems. The great performance of the PV systems can be achieved if the panel is kept perpendicular to the direction of the radiations of sun. Hence, solar tracker system is the method to keep the optimum position of the PV panel for always perpendicular to the solar radiation. This paper aims to review on various technologies of solar tracking to determine the best PV panel orientation. The various types of technologies of solar tracking system have been discussed which includes passive solar tracker, active solar tracker and chronological tracker system. The movement degrees of solar tracking system also have been addressed which consisting single-axis solar tracking system and dual-axis solar tracking system. This paper is also overviews the tracking techniques performance, construction, performance, advantages, and disadvantages of existing solar tracking system. The limitations of solar tracking systems are also highlighted for future action improvement. Through this research studies, the most favorable solar tracking system was identified as active solar tracker with the dual axis rotation.

<span>Photovoltaic (PV) panel is the heart of solar system generally has a low energy conversion efficiency available in the market. PV panel temperature control is the main key to keeping the PV panel operate efficiently. This paper presented the great influenced of the cooling system in reduced PV panel temperature. A cooling system has been developed based on forced convection induced by DC fan as cooling mechanism. DC fan was attached at the back side of PV panel will extract the heat energy distributed and cool down the PV panel. The working operation of DC fan controlled by PIC18F4550 microcontroller which depending on the average value of PV panel temperature. Experiments were performed with and without cooling mechanism attached at the backside PV panel. The whole PV system was subsequently evaluated in outdoor weather conditions. As a result, it is concluded that there is an optimum number of DC fans required as cooling mechanism in producing efficient electrical output from a PV panel. The study clearly shows how cooling mechanism improves the performance of PV panel at the hot climatic weather. In short, the reduction of PV panel temperature is very important to keep its performance operated efficiently.</span>

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The input voltage of battery charging system is always above the battery nominal voltage and it should be remained constant. But it depends on the type of input voltage sources. A battery charged directly by photovoltaic (PV) module as the input voltage source can cause the output voltage of PV module or the input voltage of battery charging system can fluctuate, because the output voltage of PV module depends on the solar irradiance. This problem can be solved by installing DC-DC boost converter between the PV module and battery. This paper presents a DC-DC boost converter based on PID controller for battery charging system. It is designed for the input voltage of 12V and output voltage of 14.7V system because it is applied to charge a 12 V, 7 Ah lead acid battery. Based on the simulation result of battery charging system shows that the output voltage of DC-DC boost converter can be remain around 14.7 V. It is due to the PID controller can damp the voltage oscillation and remain its steady state voltage. The time needed by the DC-DC boost converter to charge the battery in the fully charging condition is 1 hour: 3 minutes: 37seconds.