The multiple modulations of strain- and charge-mediated converse magnetoelectric coupling effects have been achieved in a multiferroic heterostructure of SrTiO3(STO)/Fe3O4/Au/PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3(PZT) multilayers grown on a Nb:SrTiO3 substrate. By altering the position of the applied electric field, the heterostructure is divided into three structure parts, i.e., Fe3O4/Au/PZT, STO/Fe3O4, and STO/Fe3O4/Au/PZT. In such an optimized heterostructure, the strain and charge effects can be directly separated, quantified, and co-regulated and the pure strain, pure charge, and the combined strain and charge effects can thus be obtained, respectively. The in-plane magnetization variation behaviors induced by electric fields are different for the three individual modulations, which are closely related to the interfacial strain propagation and interfacial charge accumulation. It is also found that the strain and charge effects can interact with each other as the two interfacial effects coexist.
Temperature dependent magnetization (M–T) in a magnetic field much lower than the saturated field has been explored without and with an electric field applied at two independent positions of a BaTiO3 (BTO)/Fe3O4/Au/BTO multilayered heterostructure. Without an applied electric field, the M–T curve shows two discontinuities around 185 K and 280 K because of the phase transitions of BTO. With an applied electric field, the magnetizations induced by piezoelectric strain (M1) and polarization charges (M2) are obtained by separating the strain and charge effects, respectively. Both the temperature dependent M1 and M2 exhibit two peaks at the phase transition temperatures of BTO simultaneously, which are in accordance with the dielectric nature of BTO. It is also found that M2 decreases rapidly at high temperature due to the increase in thermal motion of screening charges.
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