The rheological behavior of epoxy resin filled with glass hollow microspheres was studied using three types of microspheres with different particle size distributions. The shear-rate dependence on viscosity, as well as relative apparent viscosity, of the suspensions was investigated at different microsphere filler loadings. The change in relative viscosity with different types of microsphere loads was also investigated using the established semi empirical model to estimate the critical filler load. It was found that the critical filler load for all suspensions tested depends mostly on the filler size distribution, neither on the average filler size nor on the specific surface area of the filler.
A quasi-dimensional model is developed with the surrogate mechanism of isooctane and n-heptane to predict knock and emissions of a homogeneous GDI engine. It is composed of unburned and burned zone with the latter divided into multiple zones of equal mass to resolve temperature stratification. Combustion is based on turbulent entrainment and burning in a spherically propagating flame with the entrainment rate interpolated between laminar and turbulent flame speed. Validation is performed against measured pressure traces, NOx and CO emissions at different load and rpm conditions. Comparison is made between predictions by the empirical knock model and the chemistry model in this work. There is good agreement for pressure, NOx, CO and knock for the test engine. Promising results are obtained through parametric study with respect to octane number and engine load by the chemistry knock model.
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