Approximately 80% of the maize genome comprises highly repetitive sequences interspersed with single-copy, gene-rich sequences, and standard genome sequencing strategies are not readily adaptable to this type of genome. Methodologies that enrich for genic sequences might more rapidly generate useful results from complex genomes. Equivalent numbers of clones from maize selected by techniques called methylation filtering and High C0t selection were sequenced to generate approximately 200,000 reads (approximately 132 megabases), which were assembled into contigs. Combination of the two techniques resulted in a sixfold reduction in the effective genome size and a fourfold increase in the gene identification rate in comparison to a nonenriched library.

The ultimate goal of drug delivery is to increase the bioavailability and reduce the toxic side effects of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by releasing at a specific site of action. In the case of antitumor therapy, association of the therapeutic agent with a carrier system can minimize damage to healthy, non-target tissues, while limit systemic release and promoting long circulation to enhance uptake at the cancerous site due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR). Stimuli-responsive systems have become a promising way to deliver and release payloads in a site-selective manner and carrier systems have been derived from a wide variety of materials, including inorganic nanoparticles, lipids, and polymers that have been imbued with stimuli-sensitive properties to accomplish triggered release. The unique features in the tumor microenvironment can serve as an endogenous stimulus (pH, redox potential, or unique enzymatic activity) or the locus of an applied external stimulus (heat or light) to trigger the controlled release of API. Triggered release is generally based on the principle of membrane destabilization from local defects within bilayer membranes to effect release of liposome-entrapped drugs. This review focuses on the literature appearing between November 2008–February 2016 that reports new developments in stimuli-sensitive liposomal drug delivery strategies using pH change, enzyme transformation, redox reactions, and photochemical mechanisms of activation.