Stimuli‐responsive liposomes for drug delivery

Abstract

The ultimate goal of drug delivery is to increase the bioavailability and reduce the toxic side effects of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by releasing at a specific site of action. In the case of antitumor therapy, association of the therapeutic agent with a carrier system can minimize damage to healthy, non-target tissues, while limit systemic release and promoting long circulation to enhance uptake at the cancerous site due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR). Stimuli-responsive systems have become a promising way to deliver and release payloads in a site-selective manner and carrier systems have been derived from a wide variety of materials, including inorganic nanoparticles, lipids, and polymers that have been imbued with stimuli-sensitive properties to accomplish triggered release. The unique features in the tumor microenvironment can serve as an endogenous stimulus (pH, redox potential, or unique enzymatic activity) or the locus of an applied external stimulus (heat or light) to trigger the controlled release of API. Triggered release is generally based on the principle of membrane destabilization from local defects within bilayer membranes to effect release of liposome-entrapped drugs. This review focuses on the literature appearing between November 2008–February 2016 that reports new developments in stimuli-sensitive liposomal drug delivery strategies using pH change, enzyme transformation, redox reactions, and photochemical mechanisms of activation.

Intracellular Activation of a Prostate Specific Antigen-Cleavable Doxorubicin Prodrug: A Key Feature Toward Prodrug-Nanomedicine Design

“…If these premises hold truth, such a provocative and sophisticated strategy could speed up the clinical translation of Dox-PSA. In a proof-of-concept study, and to eliminate the possibility of extracellular activation, Dox-PSA was encapsulated into pH-sensitive liposomes composed of phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS), which could destabilise the endosomal membrane and release their cargos to the cytosol, thereby bypassing lysosomal degradation [23][24][25] .…”

Emerging trends in nanomedicine for topical delivery in skin disorders: Current and translational approaches

“…86 The polymer used for synthesizing these nanoparticles includes alginate, chitosan, albumin, tyrosine-based polymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and poly(ε-caprolactone). 87 Tyrosine loaded polymeric nanoparticles containing Diclofenac sodium has been found effective in delivering lipophilic drug for treating eczema, microbial infection and psoriasis. 88 Hydrocortisone/hydroxytyrosol loaded polymeric nanoparticles have been prepared and tested on the mouse to treat atopic dermatitis as well as suppress the inflammation and oxidative stress.…”

Extracellular vesicles as an efficient nanoplatform for the delivery of therapeutics

“…62 Since liposomes are constructed of phospholipids, they are similar to the plasma membranes, and have been widely used for efficient drug delivery. 63 Thus far, several commercialized liposomebased products such as DaunoXome (a liposomal for the delivery of daunorubicin (DNR), approved for the management of advanced HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma), Myocet (a nonpegylated liposomal doxorubicin, approved for treatment of metastatic breast cancer) and Depocyt (a cytarabine liposome injection, approved for treatment of lymphomatous meningitis) have been put into the market. 64 Liposome research lays the foundation for investigations of the physicochemical characteristics, stability and drug loading of EVs.…”