Human glycoproteins exhibit enormous heterogeneity at each N-glycosite, but few studies have attempted to globally characterize the site-specific structural features. We have developed Integrated GlycoProteome Analyzer (I-GPA) including mapping system for complex N-glycoproteomes, which combines methods for tandem mass spectrometry with a database search and algorithmic suite. Using an N-glycopeptide database that we constructed, we created novel scoring algorithms with decoy glycopeptides, where 95 N-glycopeptides from standard α1-acid glycoprotein were identified with 0% false positives, giving the same results as manual validation. Additionally automated label-free quantitation method was first developed that utilizes the combined intensity of top three isotope peaks at three highest MS spectral points. The efficiency of I-GPA was demonstrated by automatically identifying 619 site-specific N-glycopeptides with FDR ≤ 1%, and simultaneously quantifying 598 N-glycopeptides, from human plasma samples that are known to contain highly glycosylated proteins. Thus, I-GPA platform could make a major breakthrough in high-throughput mapping of complex N-glycoproteomes, which can be applied to biomarker discovery and ongoing global human proteome project.

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Motivated by the flavored Peccei-Quinn symmetry for unifying the flavor physics and string theory, we construct an explicit model by introducing a U (1) symmetry such that the U (1) X -[gravity] 2 anomaly-free condition together with the standard model flavor structure demands additional sterile neutrinos as well as no axionic domain-wall problem. Such additional sterile neutrinos play the role of a realization of baryogenesis via a new Affleck-Dine leptogenesis. We provide grounds for that the U (1) X symmetry could be interpreted as a fundamental symmetry of nature. The model will resolve rather recent, but fast-growing issues in astro-particle physics, including leptonic mixings and CP violation in neutrino oscillation, high-energy neutrinos, QCD axion, and axion cooling of stars. The QCD axion decay constant, through its connection to the astrophysical constraints of stellar evolution and the SM fermion masses, is shown to be fixed at F A = 1.30 +0.66 −0.54 ×10 9 GeV (consequently, its mass is m a = 4.34 +3.37 −1.49 meV and axion-photon coupling is |g aγγ | = 1.30 +1.01 −0.45 ×10 −12 GeV −1 ). Interestingly enough, we show that neutrino oscillations at low energies could be connected to astronomical-scale baseline neutrino oscillations. The model predicts non-observational neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay rate as well as a remarkable pattern between leptonic Dirac CP phase (δ CP ) and atmospheric mixing angle (θ 23 ); e.g. δ CP ≃ 220 • −240 • , 120 • −140 • for θ 23 = 42.3 • for normal mass ordering, and δ CP ≃ 283 • , 250 • , 100 • , 70 • for θ 23 = 49.5 • for inverted one. We stress that future measurements on θ 23 , 0νββ decay rate, sum of active neutrino masses, track-to-shower ratio of a cosmic neutrino, astrophysical constraints on axions, QCD axion mass, and its axion-photon coupling are of importance to test the model in the near future. * Electronic address: yhahn@ibs.re.kr may be hidden from our sight at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum because of absorption by matter and radiation between us and the source. So, data from a variety of observational windows, especially, through direct observations with neutrinos and axions, may be crucial. Thus, the axions and neutrinos in astrophysics and cosmology could provide a natural laboratory for a new extension of SM particle physics 3 .Axions in stars available at low energies are well suited for very sensitive tests. If the axion exists, it solves the strong CP problem of QCD through the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) mechanism [5,6], fits easily into a string theoretic framework, and appears cosmologically as a form of cold dark matter. The axion lies at the intersection of elementary particle physics, astrophysics, cosmology and string theory, potentially playing a crucial role in each. There are being 1 In Ref. [2] a concrete model is designed to bridge between string theory as a fundamental theory and low energy flavor physics. 2 Ref. [1] introduces a superpotential for unifying flavor and strong CP problems, the so-called flavored PQ symmetry m...

In an attempt to uncover any underlying physics in the standard model (SM), we suggest a µ-τ power law in the lepton sector, such that relatively large 13 mixing angle with bi-large ones can be derived. On the basis of this, we propose a neat and economical model for both the fermion mass hierarchy problem of the SM and a solution to the strong CP problem, in a way that no domain wall problem occurs, based on A 4 × U (1) X symmetry in a supersymmetric framework. Here we refer to the global U (1) X symmetry that can explain the above problems as "flavored Peccei-Quinn symmetry". In the model, a direct coupling of the SM gauge singlet flavon fields responsible for spontaneous symmetry breaking to ordinary quarks and leptons, both of which are charged under U (1) X , comes to pass through Yukawa interactions, and all vacuum expectation values breaking the symmetries are connected each other. So, the scale of Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking is shown to be roughly located around 10 12 GeV section through its connection to the fermion masses.The model predictions are shown to lie on the testable regions in the very near future through ongoing experiments for neutrino oscillation, neutrinoless double beta decay and axion. We examine the model predictions, arisen from the µ-τ power law, on leptonic CP violation, neutrinoless double beta decay and atmospheric mixing angle, and show that the fermion mass and mixing hierarchies are in good agreement with the present data. Interestingly, we show the model predictions on the axion mass m a ≃ 2.53 × 10 −5 eV and the axion coupling to photon g aγγ ≃ 1.33 × 10 −15 GeV −1 .And subsequently the square of the ratio between them is shown to be 1 or 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the conventional axion model.