PurposePhotodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and oxaliplatin (OXP) can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) following damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) exposure or release and can be united via the use of nanoplatforms to deliver drugs that can impart anti-tumor effects. The aim of this study was to develop phase-transition nanoparticles (OI_NPs) loaded with perfluoropentane (PFP), indocyanine green (ICG), and oxaliplatin (OXP), to augment anti-tumor efficacy and the immunological effects of chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy and sonodynamic therapy (PSDT).MethodsOI_NPs were fabricated by a double emulsion method and a range of physicochemical and dual-modal imaging features were characterized. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to determine the cellular uptake of OI_NPs by ID8 cells. The viability and apoptotic rate of ID8 cells were investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Flow cytometry, Western blotting, and luminometric assays were then used to investigate the exposure or release of crucial DAMPs such as calreticulin (CRT), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and adenosine-5ʹ-triphosphate (ATP). Tumor rechallenge experiments were then used to investigate whether treated ID8 cells underwent ICD. Finally, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was determined by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay.ResultsSpherical OI_NPs were able to carry OXP, ICG and PFP and were successfully internalized by ID8 cells. The application of OI_NPs significantly enhanced the phase shift ability of PFP and the optical characteristics of ICG, thus leading to a significant improvement in photoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging. When combined with near-infrared light and ultrasound, the application of OI_NPs led to improved anti-tumor effects on cancer cells, and significantly enhanced the expression of DAMPs, thus generating a long-term anti-tumor effect.ConclusionThe application of OI_NPs, loaded with appropriate cargo, may represent a novel strategy with which to increase anti-tumor effects, enhance immunological potency, and improve dual-mode imaging.

In this paper, a solid acid catalyst (ZPS–PVPA–SO3H) was prepared by anchoring thiol group on zirconium poly(styrene-phenylvinyl-phosphonate)-phosphate (ZPS–PVPA), followed by oxidation of thiol groups to obtain sulfonic acid groups. The solid acid catalyst was characterized by XPS, X-ray, EDS, SEM, and TG-DSC. The successful preparation of sulfonic acid-functionalized ZPS–PVPA was confirmed. Subsequently, the catalytic performance of ZPS–PVPA–SO3H was investigated in the epoxidation of soybean oil. The results demonstrated that ZPS–PVPA–SO3H can effectively catalyze epoxidation of soybean oil with TBHP as an oxidant. Moreover, there was no significant decrease in catalytic activity after 5 repeated uses of the ZPS–PVPA–SO3H. Interestingly, the ZPS–PVPA–SO3H was kept in 2 mol/L of HCl overnight after the end of the seventh reaction, and the catalytic activity was gradually restored during the eighth to tenth cycles.

A novel, rapid, and reliable ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) method was developed to correctly separate and quantitatively determine Sudan dyes in chilli products. The effect of different separation parameters on the retention characteristics of Sudan dyes was investigated. The results showed that diode array detection of Sudan I-II was accomplished at 480 nm, and that of Sudan III-IV at 500 nm. In the analysis of Sudan dyes, the whole analysis time was less than 10 minutes, the method had a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.25 μg/mL and 0.50 μg/mL, respectively. All calibration curves had good linearity (r 2 > 0.9989) within the tested concentration ranges. The method had intra-and inter-day precision of less than 3.5% and 4.1%, respectively, with a recovery between 96.58% and 104.50%, and a relative standard deviation of less than 4.4%. The method was successfully applied to analyze chilli product sample.Determinación rápida de colorantes de Sudán en productos de chile utilizando cromatografía de fluido supercrítico de ultra alto rendimiento-detección de matriz de fotodiodos RESUMEN El presente estudio se propuso desarrollar un método novedoso, rápido y fiable de cromatografía de fluidos supercríticos de alto rendimiento (UHPSFC) para separar correctamente y determinar cuantitativamente los colorantes Sudán en productos de chile. Para ello, se investigó el efecto de diferentes parámetros de separación en las características de retención de los colorantes Sudán. Los resultados permitieron constatar que la detección por matriz de diodos de Sudán I-II se logró a 480 nm, mientras que la de Sudán III-IV ocurrió a 500 nm. Asimismo, al analizar los colorantes de Sudán, la totalidad del tiempo de análisis fue inferior a 10 minutos, el método tuvo un límite de detección y un límite de cuantificación de 0.25 μg/mL y 0.50 μg/mL, respectivamente. Todas las curvas de calibración mostraron buena linealidad (r 2 > 0.9989) dentro de los rangos de concentración probados. Además, el método tuvo una precisión intra e interdiaria inferior a 3.5 y a 4.1%, respectivamente, registrando una recuperación de entre 96.58 y 104.50%, y una desviación estándar relativa inferior a 4.4%. En conclusión, el método se aplicó con éxito para analizar muestras de productos de chile.