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(J.L.).IDEAL PLANT ARCHITECTURE1 (IPA1) is critical in regulating rice (Oryza sativa) plant architecture and substantially enhances grain yield. To elucidate its molecular basis, we first confirmed IPA1 as a functional transcription activator and then identified 1067 and 2185 genes associated with IPA1 binding sites in shoot apices and young panicles, respectively, through chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing assays. The SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-box direct binding core motif GTAC was highly enriched in IPA1 binding peaks; interestingly, a previously uncharacterized indirect binding motif TGGGCC/T was found to be significantly enriched through the interaction of IPA1 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen PROMOTER BINDING FACTOR1 or PROMOTER BINDING FACTOR2. Genome-wide expression profiling by RNA sequencing revealed IPA1 roles in diverse pathways. Moreover, our results demonstrated that IPA1 could directly bind to the promoter of rice TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, a negative regulator of tiller bud outgrowth, to suppress rice tillering, and directly and positively regulate DENSE AND ERECT PANICLE1, an important gene regulating panicle architecture, to influence plant height and panicle length. The elucidation of target genes of IPA1 genome-wide will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant architecture and to facilitating the breeding of elite varieties with ideal plant architecture.

Resource theory is a widely-applicable framework for analyzing the physical resources required for given tasks, such as computation, communication, and energy extraction. In this paper, we propose a general scheme for analyzing resource theories based on resource destroying maps, which leave resource-free states unchanged but erase the resource stored in all other states. Our theory reveals fundamental connections among basic elements of resource theories, in particular, free states, free operations and resource measures. In particular, we define a class of simple resource measures that can be calculated without optimization, and that are monotone nonincreasing under operations that commute with the resource destroying map. We apply our theory to the resources of coherence and quantum correlations (e.g., discord), two prominent features of nonclassicality.Introduction.-Resource theory originates from the observation that certain properties of physical systems become valuable resources when the operations that can be performed are restricted so that such properties are hard to create. A prototypical example of such a property is quantum entanglement [1, 2], which becomes a key resource for many quantum information processing tasks, when one is restricted to local operations and classical communication (LOCC). The framework of resource theory has been applied to various other concepts in quantum information, such as purity [3], magic states [4] and coherence [5,6], and to broader areas, such as asymmetry [7] and thermodynamics [8].

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than half of the world's population. To meet the ever-increasing demand for food, because of population growth and improved living standards, world rice production needs to double by 2030. The development of new elite rice varieties with high yield and superior quality is challenging for traditional breeding approaches, and new strategies need to be developed. Here, we report the successful development of new elite varieties by pyramiding major genes that significantly contribute to grain quality and yield from three parents over five years. The new varieties exhibit higher yield potential and better grain quality than their parental varieties and the China's leading super-hybrid rice, Liang-you-pai-jiu (LYP9 or Pei-ai 64S/93-11). Our results demonstrate that rational design is a powerful strategy for meeting the challenges of future crop breeding, particularly in pyramiding multiple complex traits.

SUMMARYThe basic premise of high yield in rice is to improve leaf photosynthetic efficiency, and coordinate the source–sink relationship in rice plants. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) qLSCHL4, japonica NAL1 allele from Nipponbare has a pleiotropic function, effectively increased leaf chlorophyll content, enlarged flag leaf size, and enhanced the yield of indica rice cultivar.

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are an important group of signaling molecules found in eukaryotes. They function with G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCRs) to transduce various signals such as steroid hormones in animals. Nevertheless, their functions in plants are not well-defined. Previous studies suggested that the heterotrimeric G protein α subunit known as D1/RGA1 in rice is involved in a phytohormone gibberellin-mediated signaling pathway. Evidence also implicates D1 in the action of a second phytohormone Brassinosteroid (BR) and its pathway. However, it is unclear how D1 functions in this pathway, because so far no partner has been identified to act with D1. In this study, we report a D1 genetic interactor Taihu Dwarf1 (TUD1) that encodes a functional U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase. Genetic, phenotypic, and physiological analyses have shown that tud1 is epistatic to d1 and is less sensitive to BR treatment. Histological observations showed that the dwarf phenotype of tud1 is mainly due to decreased cell proliferation and disorganized cell files in aerial organs. Furthermore, we found that D1 directly interacts with TUD1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that D1 and TUD1 act together to mediate a BR-signaling pathway. This supports the idea that a D1-mediated BR signaling pathway occurs in rice to affect plant growth and development.

Quantum correlation can be created by local operation from some initially classical states. We prove that the necessary and sufficient condition for a local trace-preserving channel to create quantum correlation is that it is not a commutativity-preserving channel. This condition is valid for arbitrary finite dimension systems. We also derive the explicit form of commutativity-preserving channels. For a qubit, a commutativity-preserving channel is either a completely decohering channel or a mixing channel. For a three-dimension system (qutrit), a commutativity-preserving channel is either a completely decohering channel or an isotropic channel.PACS numbers: 03.65. Ud, 03.65.Yz, 03.67.Mn Quantum correlation is the unique phenomenon of quantum physics and believed to be a resource for quantum information processes which can generally surpass the corresponding classical schemes. Many previous studies focus on entanglement, a well-known quantum correlation, since its apparent role in teleportation, superdense coding [1, 2], etc. Recently, measures of the nonclassicalness of correlation, such as quantum discord [3] and quantum deficit [4,5], began to attract much attention since the discovery that some quantum information schemes can be realized without entanglement but with a positive quantum discord [6,7]. Much progress has been made to quantify the amount of quantum correlation in different physical systems [8,9] and to give it intuitive and operational interpretations. It is shown that quantum discord can be operationally interpreted as the minimum information missing from the environment [10]. One-way quantum deficit [11,12] has been found as the reason for entanglement irreversibility [13] and can be related to quantum entanglement via an interesting scheme [14,15].Quantum noise usually plays a destructive role in quantum information process. However, there are situations that local quantum noise can enhance nonlocal quantum properties for some mixed quantum states. For example, local amplitude damping can increase the average teleportation fidelity for a class of entangled states [16][17][18]. Quantum discord can also be increased or created by local noise [19][20][21]. An interesting result is that any separable state with positive quantum discord can be produced by local positive operator-valued measure (POVM) on a classical state in a larger Hilbert space [22]. In fact, almost all states in the Hilbert space contains quantum correlation, and an arbitrary small disturbance can drive a classical state into a quantum state with nonzero quantum correlation [23]. Counterintuitively, it has recently been discovered that mixedness is as important as entanglement for quantum correlation. In partic- * Electronic address: xyhu@iphy.ac.cn ular, some mixed states contain more quantum discord than that of maximally entangled pure state when the dimension of the system is large enough [15]. Thus it is of interest to know how is the effect of mixedness on the quantum correlation of quantum states. The condition for loca...