Background: Preterm infants face unique stress states in early life. Early-life stress has been associated with changes in cortisol reactivity and behavioral abnormalities later in childhood in non-preterm populations. The neonatal infant stressor scale (NISS) has been used to estimate infant stress in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), but has not been biomarker-validated. The relationship between NISS scores and salivary cortisol is unknown. Objective: To test the association between NISS scores and salivary cortisol in the NICU Hospital Exposures and Long-Term Health (NICU-HEALTH) preterm birth cohort. Methods: 386 salivary cortisol specimens were collected from 125 NICU-HEALTH participants during the NICU hospitalization. NISS scores were calculated to represent the infant's experience in the 6 hours prior to specimen collection. Adjusted mixed-effect regression models were used to assess the association between each NISS score and salivary cortisol. Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
The therapeutic potentials of probiotics in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains controversial, with the only existing systematic review on this topic published in 2015. Results from new trials have become available in recent years, we therefore conducted an updated systematic review, to assess the efficacy of probiotics in relieving behavioral symptoms of ASD and gastrointestinal comorbidities. Our review includes two randomized controlled trials, which showed improvement of ASD behaviors, and three open trials, all which exhibited a trend of improvement. Four of these trials concluded from subjective measures that gastrointestinal function indices showed a trend of improvement with probiotic therapy. Additional rigorous trials are needed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplements in ASD.
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