This trade-off was described by Comstock and Moll (1963), who noted that partitioning of a target popula-In a small target region, it may be possible to exploit local adaptation of environments into several more homogeneous tion to increase gains from selection. However, in a large region subdivisions could increase within-subdivision genetic more extensive testing is usually possible, resulting in more precise estimation of genotype means. A correlated response model was variance, but recognized that increased testing effort adapted to determine if division of a large target region is likely to would be required if a single large breeding program increase gains. Genotypic value in a large region and constituent were to be replaced by several smaller ones. The effect subregions are considered correlated traits. Correlated response in a of subdivision depends not only on the magnitude of subregion to indirect selection across the undivided region, relative genotype ϫ subregion (GS) interaction but also on the to direct response to selection within the subregion, is expressed as precision with which means are estimated within the a function of heritability in the undivided region (H) and in the newly created subregions, relative to the precision of subregion (H i ), and of the genotypic correlation between region and their whole-region estimates. Curnow (1988) noted that subregion means (r G ). r G depends on the magnitude of the genotype ϫ when GS interaction is relatively small and error varisubregion interaction ( 2 GS ) relative to the genotypic variance ( 2 G ).ances are relatively large, greater gains within a subre-2 GS is the portion of the genotype ϫ location interaction ( 2 GL ) caused by local adaptation, rather than by random site-to-site variability in gion may be achieved by selecting on the basis of mean genotype means. Subdivision can increase heritability through the yield across the undivided region than within a single

Whole-brain dynamic time-resolved computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a technique developed on the new 320-detector row CT scanner capable of generating time-resolved cerebral angiograms from skull base to vertex. Unlike a conventional cerebral angiogram, this technique visualizes pial arterial filling in all vascular territories, thereby providing additional hemodynamic information. Ours was a retrospective study of consecutive patients with ischemic stroke and M1 middle cerebral artery þ / À intracranial internal carotid artery occlusions presenting to our center from June 2010 and undergoing dynamic timeresolved CTA and perfusion CT within 6 hours of symptom onset. Leptomeningeal collateral status was assessed by determining relative prominence of pial arteries in the ischemic region, rate and extent of retrograde flow, and various topographical patterns of pial arterial filling. Twenty-five patients were included in the study. We demonstrate the existence of the following novel properties of leptomeningeal collaterals in humans: (a) posterior (posterior cerebral artery (PCA)-MCA) dominant collateralization, (b) intraterritorial 'within MCA region' leptomeningeal collaterals, and (c) significant variability in size, extent, and retrograde filling time in pial arteries. We also describe a simple and reliable collateral grading template that, for the first time on dynamic CTA, incorporates back-filling time as well as size and extent of collateral filling.

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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a polydimethylsiloxane fiber coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to the study of variability in volatiles released by 13 apple varieties. The relative amounts of 40 esters and alpha-farnesene were determined. Principal component analyses of these results clustered the apples into three groups according to skin color: red, green, and red-green. Total ester contents were highest with the red cluster apples, and the green cluster apples had the highest alpha-farnesene levels. This technology was also applied to the monitoring of changes in volatiles for apples removed from controlled-atmosphere storage with subsequent storage at 4 degrees C and room temperature. Total ester contents increased 25-fold, with the greater increases coming at room temperature, whereas alpha-farnesene levels increased only 5-fold. For apples stored at room temperature, after 11 days, the amount of increase was inversely proportional to the size of the ester: levels of smallest esters (molecular weight 116) increased 12.5-fold, and the largest esters (molecular weight 228) increased approximately 1.3-fold.