Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae: Siricinae), a new invasive species in China, is a significant international forestry quarantine pest. Transportation of Sirex in logs, and related wood packing materials, has led to environmental damage and substantial economic loss in many countries around the world. Traditional morphological characteristics are not reliable for identification of the Siricidae family, particularly the larvae. Furthermore, specimens are frequently not in a suitable condition to permit morphological identification. The majority of damage is caused by the larval stage, which excavates galleries that can penetrate to the center of tree boles. Thus, development of a rapid, accurate, and effective molecular identification technique for S. noctilio, which does not require expert morphological knowledge, is necessary. Here, we describe a molecular identification tool based on the mitochondrial DNA gene, cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI). We designed a species-specific COI (SS-COI) PCR assay, which allows direct identification of S. noctilio, regardless of developmental stage. Six woodwasp species commonly found in China, Sirex noctilio, Sirex nitobei, Sirex sp., Tremex fuscicornis Fabr., Tremex apicalis Matsumura, and Xeris spectrum, were included in our analyses. Moreover, specimens of S. noctilio from 16 different areas were analyzed. The results demonstrate that our molecular assay is effective and accurate, regardless of developmental stage or type of specimen, consistent with use for quarantine purposes, to prevent the harmful consequences of S. noctilio spread.
Sirex noctilio, the Sirex woodwasp, is an invasive pest that causes significant economic damage to native and commercial conifer stands through the introduction of a fungal wood decay pathogen. We combined the latitudes and longitudes of S. noctilio distribution points with historical climate data to predict its potential global distribution using a maximum entropy model implemented in the Maxent software. The annual mean temperature, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and the precipitation of the wettest month were important meteorological factors that affected the predictions, probably because they have a strong effect on the development of S. noctilio. Our predictions cover the most recent occurrence sites of S. noctilio in China. We predict that suitable habitats for S. noctilio are currently concentrated between 30° N to 60° N and 25° S to 55° S on the world map. All continents except for Antarctica contain suitable areas for S. noctilio, and such areas account for approximately 26% of the total area of these six continents. Predictions for 2050 and 2070 show that global climate change will affect the distribution of S. noctilio. With a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, areas of moderate to high habitat suitability for S. noctilio will increase; with an increase in emissions, these areas will decrease.
The wood-boring wasp, Sirex noctilio, is an invasive pest of numerous species of pine trees worldwide. The female S. noctilio wasps selectively lay eggs on different pine trees. The relationship between host volatile organic compounds and the wood wasps remains elusive. Here, the behaviors of the wood towards the host volatiles wasps were investigated. In Junde Forest Farm, three tree species, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen., and P. koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc., were girdled. Four treatments of trees, un-girdled, girdled, dying, and dead tree, were randomly selected as sample trees. Lindgren 12-funnel trap was placed on sample tree. The traps were checked once a week and the number of S. noctilio was recorded. The relationship between volatiles and S. noctilio attraction was analyzed by collecting volatiles from different tree species and treatments. trans-β-Ocimene, terpinolene, α-pinene oxide, and longifolene were present only in girdled P. sylvestris var. mongolica. Girdling the host tree can make released more volatiles, which was conducive to attracting S. noctilio. Effect of a single compound on S. noctilio is limited, but a mixture of multiple components formed a specific chemical signature to female S. noctilio. It could be useful in the monitoring and effective management of wood wasps.
Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae: Siricinae), a new invasive species in China, is a significant international forestry pest which, transported via logs and related wood packing materials, has led to environmental damage and substantial economic loss in many countries around the world. It was first detected in China in 2013, and since then infestations have been found in 18 additional sites. Using a 322 bp fragment of the mitochondrial barcode gene COI, we studied the genetic diversity and structure of S. noctilio populations in both native and invaded ranges, with a specific focus in China. Twelve haplotypes were found across the native and invaded distribution of the pest, of which three were dominant; among these there were only one or two mutational steps between each pair of haplotypes. No obvious genetic structure was found other than in Chinese populations. China has a unique and dominant haplotype not found elsewhere, and compared with the rest of the world, the genetic structure of Chinese populations suggested a multiple invasion scenario.
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