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The prevalence and distribution of OMLs were elucidated in an eastern area of China, and the importance of tobacco and alcohol in the pathogenesis of OMLs was evidenced. Our data have provided baseline information about epidemiologic aspects of OMLs that can be valuable in organized program targeting on oral health and hygiene.

In this correspondence, a finite-horizon discrete H1 filter design with a linear quadratic (LQ) game approach is presented. The exogenous inputs composed of the "hostile" noise signals and system initial condition are assumed to be finite energy signals with unknown statistics. The design criterion is to minimize the worst possible amplification of the estimation error signals in terms of the exogenous inputs, which is different from the classical minimum variance estimation error criterion for the modified Wiener or Kalman filter design. The approach can show how far the estimation error can be reduced under an existence condition on the solution to a corresponding Riccati equation. A numerical example is given to compare the performance of the H 1 filter with that of the conventional Kalman filter.

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Molecular markers for predicting oral cancer development in premalignant oral leukoplakia (OL) are urgently needed. The objective of this study was to examine the expression patterns of cancer stem cell markers ALDH1 and CD133 in samples from patients with OL, and determine their prognostic values for subsequent development of oral cancer. Immunohistochemistry for ALDH1 and CD133 was performed in samples from a cohort of 141 patients with biopsy-proven OL who received a mean follow-up of 5.5 years. Patient clinicopathologic and follow-up data were analyzed. Expression of ALDH1 and CD133 was observed in 54 (38.3%) and 32 (22.7%) of 141 patients with OL, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that 48.1% patients with ALDH1-positivity developed oral cancer compared with 12.6% those with ALDH1-negativity (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, 59.4% patients with CD133-positivity developed oral cancer compared with 16.5% those with CD133-negativity (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that ALDH1 and CD133 expression was associated with 4.17-fold [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.96-8.90; p < 0.001] and 2.86-fold (95% CI, 1.48-5.55; p 5 0.002) increased risk of OL transformation, respectively. Collectively, these data demonstrated for the first time that the expression of ALDH1 and CD133 correlated with malignant transformation in a large series of patients with OL who received a long-term follow-up, which suggests that they may serve as predictors to identify OL with a high risk of oral cancer development.Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is the sixth most common type of malignancy worldwide; early diagnosis of high-risk potentially malignant lesion is a high priority for reducing both morbidity and mortality. 1-3 Increasing evidence indicates that the initiation, progression, recurrence and metastasis of HNSCC are related to the behavior of a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). [4][5][6] Clinical and therapeutic implications of CSCs has attracted growing attention, including early detection and prognostication of cancer. In addition, CSCs can be identified and isolated by expression of distinctive markers to enrich for stem cells. 7 Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the best-known potentially malignant disorder of OSCC, with a frequency of malignant transformation between 17% and 35%. 8,9 Histologic grading of epithelial dysplasia currently is the most important indicator for determining the risk of OL transformation; however, it is a well-known fact that this histologic classification is insufficient and may involve subjectivity. 10 Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated no evidence of an effective treatment to prevent malignant transformation; it is increasingly evident that the identification of high-risk OL before transformation is of utmost importance for effective intervention. 11 Therefore, novel biomarkers are required to identify the OL lesions at a higher risk for transformation, which may provide opportunities for prophylactic interventio...

and to point out its various advantages, we have included many real control system examples such as: F-8 aircraft, L-l 0 11 fighter aircraft, fluid catalytic cracker, twelve plate absorption column, magnetic tape control system, power system composed of two interconnected areas, distillation column, steam power system, hydro power plant, chemical plants, gas absorber, supported beam control problem, induction motor drives (bilinear model), large space structure, optimal control of a paper making machine (bilinear model), satellite control problem, and synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus.The authors hope that this book will reduce some of barriers that exist in recognizing the power and usefulness of the synchronous parallel algorithms for optimal control of large scale linear and bilinear systems, and that it will help to broaden their implementation in practice. Also, we hope that this book will motivate some researchers to develop the corresponding asynchronous parallel algorithms and extend the presented results to nonlinear control systems.The authors are thankful for support and contributions from Professors V.

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