With the rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) 1 penetration, EV charging demand is becoming greater and diver-2 sified. To meet the diverse EV charging demand, we propose 3 a market-based coordinated planning method of fast charging 4 station (FCS) and dynamic wireless charging system (DWCS). 5 Firstly, a bi-level coordinated planning model considering the 6 benefits of charging service provider and EV user group is built. 7 It can make full use of the complementary characteristics of 8 FCSs and DWCSs. Then, the energy demand assignment(EDA) 9 approach that can directly assign energy demand to roads and 10 power nodes is proposed and applied in the inner level of bi-level 11 coordinated planning model. Finally, the cases that consider the 12 impact of differentiated traffic demand and land prices in differ-13 ent regions are proposed. The case studies are formulated based 14 on the 21 power nodes-12 traffic nodes network and the 54 power 15 nodes-25 traffic nodes network. To calculate the optimal solu-16 tion, the KKT conditions, the McCormick relaxation approach, 17 the optimization-based bound tightening approach (OBBT) and 18 the sequential bound tightening approach (SBT) are employed. 19 Numerical simulation results validate that the proposed method 20 can effectively improve the profits of charging service provider 21 and keep the EV users' charging cost at relatively low range. 22 Index Terms-Market-based coordinated planning, fast charg-23 ing station, dynamic wireless charging system, energy demand 24 assignment, coupled power-traffic networks.
Power electronic transformer (PET) should have a satisfying low-voltage ridethrough (LVRT) ability to cope with different kinds and severities of voltage sags. To solve the LVRT issue, this paper proposes to coordinate mode switching control (MSC) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), and it is to realize the targets of promoting voltage recovery, keeping DC-link stabilization, and alleviating current inrush. First, the theoretical modeling of a PET incorporating with a SMES unit is implemented, and the PET's fault transient characterizes as well as the SMES's potential supportability is analyzed. Then, the coordination philosophy of the MSC and the SMES is presented. For that the voltage sag reaches a certain threshold, the MSC is enabled to remove the PET's normal control, and the SMES collaboratively operates to lower the DC-link overvoltage, while avoiding the PET damage. In the process of the coordination control handling the voltage transients, a proper reactive current injection is carried out at the PET's output stage to assist the voltage recovery, and the PET can possess a better LVRT margin. Using MATLAB, a 3 MW PET with an 8 H/1.2 MJ SMES unit is modeled, and different voltage sag scenarios and utilization ways of the MSC and the SMES are simulated. The comparative analysis results show that the proposed approach realizes a satisfying LVRT for the PET.
As an impetus for worldwide social development, energy resources, especially renewable energy resources, are being valued over the past decades. 1,2 Meanwhile, the influence imposed by the fluctuation and uncertainty 3 of the increasing renewable energy integrated into the power system is non-negligible. Especially in power distribution networks (PDNs), the blossom of distributed renewable energy technology places higher requirements
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