Miscanthus is not only a perennial fiber biomass crop, but also valuable breeding resource for its low-nutrient requirements, photosynthetic efficiency and strong adaptability to environment. In the present study, the codon usage patterns of five different Miscanthus plants and other two related species were systematically analyzed. The results indicated that the cp genomes of the seven representative species were preference to A/T bases and A/T-ending codons. In addition, 21 common high-frequency codons and 4–11 optimal codons were detected in the seven chloroplast genomes. The results of ENc-plot, PR2-plot and neutrality analysis revealed the codon usage patterns of the seven chloroplast genomes are influenced by multiple factors, in which nature selection is the main influencing factor. Comparative analysis of the codon usage frequencies between the seven representative species and four model organisms suggested that Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be considered as preferential appropriate exogenous expression receptors. These results might not only provide important reference information for evolutionary analysis, but also shed light on the way to improve the expression efficiency of exogenous gene in transgenic research based on codon optimization.
The epidemic caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19 in Wuhan at the end of 2019 has become an urgent public event of worldwide concern. However, due to the changing data of the epidemic, there is no scientific estimate of the cure rate and case fatality rate of the epidemic. This study proposes a method to estimate the cure rate and case fatality rate of COVID-19. The ratio of cumulative discharges on a given day to the sum of cumulative discharges on a given day and cumulative deaths before j days is used to estimate the cure rate.Moreover, the case fatality ratio can also be estimated. After simulation calculations, j is statistically appropriate when it is 8-10, and it is also clinically appropriate. When j is 9, based on the available data, it is inferred that the cure rate of this epidemic is about 93% and the case fatality rate is about 7%. This method of estimating the cure rate can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment in different medical schemes and different regions, and has great value and significance for decision-making in the epidemic.
The epidemic caused by the novel coronavirus in Wuhan at the end of 2019 has become an urgent public event of worldwide concern. However, due to the changing data of the epidemic, there is no scientific estimate of the cure rate and case fatality rate of the epidemic. This study proposes a method to estimate the cure rate and case fatality rate of COVID-19. The ratio of cumulative discharges on a given day to the sum of cumulative discharges on a given day and cumulative deaths before j days is used to estimate the cure rate.Moreover, the case fatality ratio can also be estimated. After simulation calculations, j is statistically appropriate when it is 8-10, and it is also clinically appropriate. When j is 9, based on the available data, it is inferred that the cure rate of this epidemic is about 93% and the case fatality rate is about 7%. This method of estimating the cure rate can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment in different medical schemes and different regions, and has great value and significance for decision-making in the epidemic. improvement of medical conditions, and rich experience in treatment, patients with COVID-19 will be treated more effectively. Consequently, the CR will increase, and the CFR will decrease. Conflict of Interest StatementThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
Human beings are constantly struggling with various epidemics. Although we gained a lot of experience and success, in the face of the new epidemic, we still inevitably face pressure from public health, politics, and the economy. Case fatality ratio (CFR) received widespread attention as one of the indicators describing the severity of the epidemic and evaluating treatment options. However, due to the ongoing epidemic situation and the constant changes in the death and diagnosis data, no scientific method for this situation to calculate the CFR exists. This study proposes a method for estimating CFR in the continuation of the epidemic. CFR is estimated by "ratio of the cumulative number of deaths before j days from a given day to the sum of the number of patients discharged from a given day and the cumulative number of deaths before j days from a given day ". Take the ongoing outbreak of COVID COVID-19 in December 2019 as an example. The results show that, regardless of the size of the estimated value or its changing trend, the estimated CFR given by the new method shows better stability and better reflects the true situation of the case fatality rate; additionally, the improvement of medical conditions can also be clearly reflected in the change in valuation. When j = 10, according to the data of March 10, the CFR of COVIDCOVID-19 in Wuhan, China and China (excluding Hubei)is 6.23%,4.46%, and 0.87%, respectively. This method of estimating CFR can be used in time to evaluate the therapeutic effect of different medical schemes and different regions, which is of great value and significance for the decision decision-making in the epidemicprevention and control.Authors Wanling Hu, Xiaoyun Liu, and Tao Wang contributed equally to this work
Amorphophallus is widely distributed in Southeast Asia, Africa, and other places, with more than 170 species. Amorphophallus has high medicinal value and is commonly used in medicine. However, the current classification based on morphology is challenging in with regard to Amorphophallus and closely related species. This study used six barcodes, namely ITS2, matK, rcbL, nad1, trnH-psbA, and trnL-trnF, to evaluate their identification ability for three important Amorphophallus species, including A. konjac, A. albus, and A. muelleri. We recommend that trnH-psbA can be applied to the Amorphophallus trade, quickly identify the purity of A. konjac and A. albus and distinguish A. muelleri from its related species for A. konjac and A. albus genetic improvement.
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