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Our results demonstrated that exogenous ABA suppressed β-1,3-glucanase and induced synthase activity, and promoted callose deposition. This is an important defense mechanism that prevents BPH from ingesting phloem sap. These studies provide support for an insect-resistance mechanism after ABA treatment and provide a reference for the integrated management of other piercing-sucking pests. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

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BACKGROUND: Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder, usually accompanied by neuroblastoma (NB). There is no targeted treatment and animal model of OMS. We aimed to investigate whether insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling alleviates neuronal cytolysis in pediatric OMS. METHODS: Cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons and cerebellar neurons were incubated with sera or IgG isolated from sera of children with OMS and NB. Cytolysis and PI3K expression were measured by the lactate dehydrogenase assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Using inhibitors and activators, the effects of IGF-1 and PI3K on cytolysis were investigated. RESULTS: The incubation of sera or IgG from children with OMS and NB increased cytolysis in not only cerebellar neurons, but also cerebral cortical neurons. Furthermore, the IGF-1 receptor antagonist NVP-AEW541 exaggerated cytolysis in children with OMS and NB. IGF-1 alleviated cytolysis, which was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Additionally, sera or IgG from children with OMS and NB compensatively elevated PI3K expression. LY294002 exacerbated cytolysis; whereas, the PI3K activator 740 Y-P suppressed cytolysis. CONCLUSION: IGF-1/PI3K signaling alleviates the cytolysis of cultured neurons induced by serum IgG from children with OMS and NB, which may be innovation therapy targets.

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Background: Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a vital role in the occurrence of multiple endocrine disorders including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction (SGD), a classical Chinese prescription, has been widely used in the treatment of PCOS for decades. In previous studies, we found that SGD treatment could effectively reduce ovarian inflammation in PCOS rats. However, whether the anti-inflammation effect of SGD involves the regulation of the gut microbiota remains elusive.Methods: Letrozole-induced PCOS rat models were established, and the therapeutic effects of SGD were evaluated. Specifically, body weight, serum hormone concentrations, estrus phase and ovary histopathology were assessed. Then the structure of gut microbiota was determined by 16s rRNA sequencing. Additionally, the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and LPS were measured by ELISA kits. The key gene and protein expressions of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot.Results: SGD could effectively reduce body weight, regulate estrous cycles and ameliorate hyperandrogenism in PCOS rats. In addition, SGD treatment decreased releases of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced the expressions of tight junction (occludin and claudin1), and then prevented a translocation of LPS into bloodstream. SGD could significantly reduce the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, decrease the abundance of LPS-producing pathogens Proteobateria and enrich the abundance of Butyricicoccus, Coprococcus, Akkermansia Blautia and Bacteroides in PCOS rats. Furthermore, SGD blunted the key gene and protein expressions of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway both in vivo and in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.Conclusion: SGD administration could ameliorate the inflammatory response in PCOS rats by remodeling gut microbiome structure, protecting gut barrier, and suppressing TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.