Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible but preventable blindness in working age populations.Color fundus photography (CFP) is the most cost-effective imaging modality to screen for retinal disorders.However, its application to glaucoma has been limited to the computation of a few related biomarkers such as the vertical cup-to-disc ratio. Deep learning approaches, although widely applied for medical image analysis, have not been extensively used for glaucoma assessment due to the limited size of the available data sets. Furthermore, the lack of a standardize benchmark strategy makes difficult to compare existing methods in a uniform way. In order to overcome these issues we set up the Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge, REFUGE (https://refuge.grand-challenge.org), held in conjunction with MICCAI 2018. The challenge consisted * Corresponding authors: Yanwu Xu (ywxu@ieee.org) and Xiulan Zhang (

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b S Supporting Information ' INTRODUCTION Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) with the formula (C n H 2n+2-z Cl z ) are subdivided into short-chain (C 10 ÀC 13 , SCCPs), mediumchain (C 14 ÀC 17 , MCCPs) and long-chain (C > 17, LCCPs) according to their carbon chain length, where chlorine content ranges from 10% to 72%. 1 Because of their chemical and thermal stability, CPs were widely used as additives in lubricants, as cutting fluids for metal working, as plasticizers and flame retardants in plastics, sealants, and leather. 2 As high production volume chemicals, CPs are inevitably released into the environment during their production, transportation, and usage. CPs have been detected in various environmental matrices including water, sediment, air, soil, biota ,and human beings. 1 It is also suggested that CPs are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in food webs. 3 CPs, especially SCCPs, have attracted increasing attentions in the past decade as they represent a potential "new" category of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). 4 The European Union restricted the usage of SCCPs via the Water Framework Directive based on the SCCP risk assessment. 5,6 Furthermore, SCCPs have been banned for use in Germany since 2003. 1

Short-term stimulation of the P2X(7) receptor can raise Ca(2+) in rat retinal ganglion cells, whereas sustained stimulation of the receptor can kill them.

Previous studies have demonstrated that European Americans have fewer mixed affective experiences (i.e., are less likely to experience the bad with the good) compared to Chinese. In this paper, we argue that these cultural differences are due to “ideal affect,” or how people ideally want to feel. Specifically, we predict that people from individualistic cultures want to maximize positive and minimize negative affect more than people from collectivistic cultures, and as a result, they are less likely to actually experience mixed emotions (reflected by a more negative within-person correlation between actual positive and negative affect). We find support for this prediction in two experience sampling studies conducted in the U.S. and China (Studies 1 and 2). In addition, we demonstrate that ideal affect is a distinct construct from dialectical view of the self, which has also been related to mixed affective experience (Study 3). Finally, in Study 4, we demonstrate that experimentally manipulating the desire to maximize the positive and minimize the negative alters participants' actual experience of mixed emotions during a pleasant (but not unpleasant or combined pleasant and unpleasant) television clip in the U.S. and Hong Kong. Together, these findings suggest that across cultures, how people want to feel shapes how they actually feel, particularly people's mixed affective experience.

Persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153), were quantified in muscles of five waterbird species collected from an extensive e-waste recycling region in the Pearl River Delta, South China. PCBs, at concentrations up to 1,400,000 ng/g lipid, were the dominant contaminants contributing to 80%-90% of PHCs. PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides (sum of DDTs and HCHs) contributed approximately equally to total PHCs with median concentrations ranging from 37-2200 and 530-4300 ng/g lipid, respectively. This contaminant distribution pattern was different from those acquired by most studies conducted in other regions. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in Chinese-pond heron from the present study were higher than those from most other previous studies with birds having similar trophic levels. The extensive e-waste recycling activities were probably the cause of the elevated PCB and PBDE levels in the bird samples. The median concentrations of PBB 153 and DBDPE ranged from 3-140 and 10-176 ng/g lipid, respectively. The frequent detection and high concentrations of DBDPE in piscivorous birds implicate a potential environmental concern for this "new" brominated flame retardant. Additionally, the interspecies differences in the levels of contaminants and species-specific PBDE congener patterns were also elucidated in the present study.

ObjectiveTo determine the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).MethodsThis is a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. The literature search included two databases (PubMed and Embase) and the reference lists of the retrieved studies. Separate meta-analyses for case-control studies and cohort studies were conducted using random-effects models, with results reported as adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs), respectively.ResultsThirteen studies—seven case-control studies and six population-based cohort studies—were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled RR of the association between DM and POAG based on the risk estimates of the six cohort studies was 1.40 (95% CI, 1.25–1.57). The pooled OR of the association between DM and POAG based on the risk estimates of the seven case-control studies was 1.49 (95% CI, 1.17–1.88). There was considerable heterogeneity among the case-control studies that reported an association between DM mellitus and POAG (P<0.001) and no significant heterogeneity among the cohort studies (P = 0.377). After omitting the case-control study that contributed significantly to the heterogeneity, the pooled OR for the association between DM and POAG was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.06–1.74).ConclusionsIndividuals with DM have an increased risk of developing POAG.

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