Copper
has been reported to promote bone regeneration by increasing
osteogenesis and decreasing inflammation and osteoclastogenesis. However,
information on the effects of copper on osteoporotic cells involved
in bone regeneration is scarce in the literature. In the current study,
Ti6Al4 V-6 wt %Cu (Ti6Al4 V–Cu) was fabricated by selective
laser melting (SLM) technology, and the effects of copper on the behaviors
of osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic macrophages, osteoclasts, and
osteoblasts were evaluated by comparison with Ti6Al4 V. Our results
showed that Ti6Al4 V–Cu inhibited the activation, viability,
and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of osteoporotic macrophages
and decreased osteoclast formation and down-regulated osteoclast differentiation-related
genes and proteins of osteoporotic osteoclasts. Furthermore, the bone
extracellular matrix formation of osteoporotic osteoblasts was up-regulated
by Ti6Al4 V–Cu. In conclusion, SLM-fabricated Ti6Al4 V–Cu
exhibited excellent anti-inflammation and antiosteoclast capability,
optimized extracellular matrix formation, and holds great potential
for bone regeneration in osteoporotic patients.
Critical oral-maxillofacial bone defects, damaged by trauma and tumors, not only affect the physiological functions and mental health of patients but are also highly challenging to reconstruct. Personalized biomaterials customized by 3D printing technology have the potential to match oral-maxillofacial bone repair and regeneration requirements. Laponite (LAP) nanosilicates have been added to biomaterials to achieve biofunctional modification owing to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. Herein, porous nanosilicate-functionalized polycaprolactone (PCL/LAP) was fabricated by 3D printing technology, and its bioactivities in bone regeneration were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PCL/LAP exhibited good cytocompatibility and enhanced the viability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). PCL/LAP functioned to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at the mRNA and protein levels and elevated angiogenic gene expression and cytokine secretion. Moreover, BMSCs cultured on PCL/LAP promoted the angiogenesis potential of endothelial cells by angiogenic cytokine secretion. Then, PCL/LAP scaffolds were implanted into the calvarial defect model. Toxicological safety of PCL/LAP was confirmed, and significant enhancement of vascularized bone formation was observed. Taken together, 3D-printed PCL/LAP scaffolds with brilliant osteogenesis to enhance bone regeneration could be envisaged as an outstanding bone substitute for a promising change in oral-maxillofacial bone defect reconstruction.
Massive oral and maxillofacial bone defect regeneration remains a major clinical challenge due to the absence of functionalized bone grafts with ideal mechanical and proregeneration properties. In the present study, Laponite (LAP), a synthetic nanosilicate, is incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) to develop a biomaterial for bone regeneration. It is explored whether LAP-embedded PCL would accelerate bone regeneration by orchestrating osteoblasts to directly and indirectly induce bone regeneration processes. The results confirmed the presence of LAP in PCL, and LAP is distributed in the exfoliated structure without aggregates. Incorporation of LAP in PCL slightly improved the compressive properties. LAP-embedded PCL is biocompatible and exerts pronounced enhancements in cell viability, osteogenic differentiation, and extracellular matrix formation of osteoblasts. Furthermore, osteoblasts cultured on LAP-embedded PCL facilitate angiogenesis of vessel endothelial cells and alleviate osteoclastogenesis of osteoclasts in a paracrine manner. The addition of LAP to the PCL endows favorable bone formation in vivo. Based upon these results, LAP-embedded PCL shows great potential as an ideal bone graft that exerts both space-maintaining and vascularized bone regeneration synergistic effects and can be envisioned for oral and maxillofacial bone defect regeneration.
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