The role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in modulating allergy-induced asthma is contradictory. We investigated the effect of TLR2 gene deletion in a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged asthma. TLR2 wild-type (TLR2(+/+)) and TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) mice were sensitized to soluble OVA antigens and challenged with OVA, and the extent of allergic airways disease was analyzed in both groups of mice at day 8 after being challenged with OVA aerosol. At day 8 post-OVA, TLR2(-/-) mice exhibited significantly lower airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and whole lung T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine levels compared with the TLR2(+/+) group. TLR2 deletion also significantly reduced mucus cell metaplasia and peribronchial fibrosis in mice at day 8 after challenged by OVA. The p38/AKT/nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 and phosphate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38/AKT was decreased in TLR2(-/-) mouse lungs. Thus, during OVA asthma in mice, TLR2 is a major contributor to the maintenance of the adaptive Th2-cytokine-driven inflammatory disorder and ERK/p38 as well as AKT/NF-κB playing a role in it.

Circulating microRNAs are novel and non-invasive tumor biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection. In this study, we investigated miR-372 expression in serum and tissues in CRC and colorectal precancerous lesions (CPL) patients by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Our data demonstrated that serum or tissue miR-372 levels were significantly up-regulated in patients with CRC or CPL, compared to healthy control (HC) subjects or normal tissues (P<0.05). High miR-372 expression in early colorectal cancer (ECRC) tissues were statistically significantly associated with tumor size (P<0.05), Tumor-Nodes-Metastasis (TNM) stage (P<0.05), and led to a worse overall survival (P=0.012). Postoperative serum miR-372 levels in ECRC patients significantly dropped, compared to the corresponding preoperative levels (P<0.05). The AUC of serum miR-372 expression for ECRC diagnosis was 0.854, which was significantly higher than that of combined tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9 and CA12-5) (0.613) (P<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of serum miR-372 expression for ECRC diagnosis were 81.9 % and 73.3 %. All these findings provided an evidence that serum miR-372 could be a noninvasive biomarker for the early detection and prognosis of CRC.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the role of B7-H3 in chemotherapy resistance of pancreatic cancer cells and discover the potential signal transduction pathway and molecular targets involved.MethodsImmunohistochemical staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to determine the expression of B7-H3 in clinical specimens. Clinical data were applied to survival analysis. Phosphoprotein was purified from cultured Patu8988 cells using the Phosphoprotein Purification Kit. Cell apoptosis was detected using propidium iodide–Annexin V staining to investigate the relation between the expression of B7-H3 and Patu8988 cells treated with gemcitabine. Western blot was used to determine the effect of B7-H3 on the expression of proteins including extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Inhibitor of NF-κB(IκB) in Patu8988 cells; B7-H3 was activated by 4H7, which as an agonist monoclonal antibody to B7-H3.ResultsThe expression of B7-H3 was found to be higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues of pancreatic carcinoma. Survival analysis revealed that patients in the low-B7-H3 expression group were likely to have a longer overall survival compared with those in the high-expression group (P < 0.05). B7-H3 activated by 4H7 could reduce gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in Patu8988 cells. Activation of B7-H3 by 4H7 induced variations in p-ERK1/2, EGFR, and IκB protein levels. When B7-H3 was upregulated, the expression levels of EGFR and p-ERK1/2 proteins significantly increased (P < 0.05), but the expression level of IκB significantly decreased (P < 0.05), especially in the gemcitabine-treated group.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that B7-H3 could deliver signals to pancreatic cancer cells to combat apoptosis induced by gemcitabine.

Cytokine-amplified functional CD8 + T cells ensure effective eradication of tumors. Interleukin 36α (IL-36α), IL-36β, and IL-36γ share the same receptor complex, composed of the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R), and IL-1RAcP. Recently, we revealed that IL-36γ greatly promoted CD8 + T cell activation, contributing to antitumor immune responses. However, the underlying mechanism of IL-36-mediated CD8 + T cell activation remains understood. In the current study, we proved that IL-36β had the same effect on CD8 + T cell as IL-36γ, and uncovered that IL-36β significantly activated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) of CD8 + T cells. When mTORC1 was inhibited by rapamycin, IL-36β-stimulated CD8 + T cell activation and expansion was drastically downregulated. Further, we elucidated that IL-36β-mediated mTORC1 activation was dependent on the pathway of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, IκB kinase (IKK) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Inhibition of PI3K or IKK by inhibitor, or deficiency of MyD88, respectively, suppressed mTORC1 signal, causing arrest of CD8 + T cell activation. Additionally, it was validated that IL-36β significantly promoted mTORC1 activation and antitumor function of CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in vivo , resulting in inhibition of tumor growth and prolongation of survival of tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, we substantiated that IL-36β could promote CD8 + T cell activation through activating mTORC1 dependent on PI3K/Akt, IKK and MyD88 pathways, leading to enhancement of antitumor immune responses, which laid the foundations for applying IL-36β into tumor immunotherapy.

BackgroundExtrarenal nephroblastomatosis is a rare entity which occurs in retroperitoneum and inguinal region predominantly. Here we report two cases of primary extrarenal nephroblastomatosis of Han Chinese in Asian in unusual locations, one is located in testis and paratestis, and the other is paraspinal cord.Case presentationPatient 1 was a 19-month-old boy with a hard and nodular mass adherent to the left testis in inguinal region. Patient 2 was a 9-month-old boy with a 1 × 0.7 × 0.4 cm mass in spinal canal at the midline thoracolumbar region. Histological examinations of the two patients after operations revealed extrarenall nephroblastomatosis with multiple nephrogenic foci, composed of immature glomeruli, tubules and blastemal cells.Then the patients were closely monitored without adjuvant chemotherapy, and has been alive and well without any recurrence for >6 months.ConclusionsMost nephrogenic rests remain subclinical, and thus, complete excision of the lesion with conservative treatment is recommended. Otherwise, nephrogenic rests are close associated with Wilms tumor and regular follow-up is required to ensure early detection of malignant transformation.

B7-H3, a new member of the B7 superfamily, plays a key role in the regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses. Our previous work showed that B7-H3 strongly augmented both LPS- and bacterial lipoprotein-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory response, and soluble B7-H3 was elevated in CSF and plasma of patients with bacterial meningitis. MMP-9 has been implicated in blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and vasculitis during the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis. In this study, we report that in a murine model of pneumococcal meningitis, B7-H3 treatment enhances inflammatory response in the meninges, upregulates MMP-9 expression in cerebral parenchyma, and deteriorates clinical disease status indicated by weight loss and impaired movement ability. In vitro results showed that B7-H3 augmented MMP-9 secretion from Streptococcus pneumoniae-stimulated microglia cells. Thus, our data indicate that B7-H3 contributes to the development of pneumococcal meningitis by exaggerating inflammatory responses and upregulating MMP-9 activity in CNS, which ultimately lead to neuronal injury.

High expression of GLUT1 has been observed in numerous solid cancers, facilitating glucose consumption for supporting tumor cell survival. The altered metabolic activity is regulated by series of signaling pathways, including AKT signaling that acts as a key role in glucose metabolism and shows close correlation with the malignant transformation. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of GLUT1 on gastric cancer (GC) and to explore the relation between GLUT1 and AKT signaling. Materials and Methods: GLUT1, p-AKT, and p-S6k1 expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative analysis in 57 paired-GC samples. The relationship of GLUT1 with clinical indexes in GC tissues was investigated. The effects of GLUT1 on the prognosis of GC patients and the underlying mechanism involved were studied by subgroup analysis. Results: In GC tissues, an obvious increase in GLUT1 expression was observed when compared with that of normal tissues (P<0.001). Advanced clinicopathological factors (tumor size P=0.019, invasion depth P=0.002, lymph node metastasis P<0.001, differentiation P=0.024, neural invasion P=0.003, and TNM staging P=0.001) correlated with high GLUT1 levels. GLUT1 was an independent risk factor resulting in poor prognosis (P=0.002, HR=5.132). GLUT1 increased the activation ratio of p-AKT (P<0.01) and p-S6K1 (P<0.001) in GC. The expression of p-S6K1 and GLUT1 was positively correlated. (P=0.001, R=0.173). The survival probability of GC patients with GLUT1(+)/p-S6K1(+) was worse when compared to that of GLUT1(+)/p-S6K1(-) or GLUT1 (-)/p-S6K1(+) (P<0.001). Conclusion: High expression of GLUT1 facilitated GC progression, leading to poor prognosis. Overexpression of GLUT1 activated AKT-S6K1 axis, resulting in adverse outcomes of GC. GLUT1 is novel indicator of GC prognosis and GLUT1 targeted metabolic treatment that has potential therapeutic value.

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