Early maturity is one of the most important agronomical traits in potato breeding. To identify the DNA segment that codes for early maturity, a tetraploid potato segregation population of “Zhongshu 19” × “Zhongshu 3” was genetically analyzed, using a combination of high throughput simplified genome sequencing (2b-RAD) and bulked segregant analysis (BSA). The DNA segment related to the early-maturity trait was identified at the 3.7~4.2 Mb locus on the short arm of chromosome 5. Eight molecular markers were developed, of which five were closely linked to the early-maturity trait loci. Additionally, 42 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers were constructed based on the reference sequence of Solanum tuberosum group Phureja DM1-3 516 R44 (DM). Using the TetraploidMap software, the linkage map of chromosome 5 was constructed with 50 markers. The total map length was 172 centiMorgan (cM), with an average genetic distance of 3.44 cM. Correlating molecular and phenotypic data of the segregating population, the mapped Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) on the short arm of chromosome 5 contributed to 33.55% of the early-maturity phenotype. The early-maturity QTL was located at 84 cM, flanked by the SSR5-85-1 and SCAR5-8 markers. The QTL was fine-mapped to 471 kb. Using DNA sequence annotation, 34 genes were identified in this region, 12 of them with unknown function. Among the other 22 annotated genes, E3 ubiquitin ligase gene PUB14 could be related to maturity and regulation of tuber formation. The constructed QTL map is a useful basic tool for the cloning of early-maturity related genes in tetraploid potatoes.
16Maturity is one of the important traits of potato. In order to get the genetic segment of potato early maturity trait, 17 a tetraploid potato maturity segregation population of Zhongshu 19 × Zhongshu 3 was used for genetic analysis 18 through the combination of high throughput simplified genome sequencing (2b-RAD) and bulked segregation 19 analysis (BSA). A genetic segment related to the early maturity trait at the 3.7~4.2 Mb locus on the short arm of 20 chromosome 5 was obtained and eight markers were developed based on this segment, while five of them were 21 closely linked to the early maturity trait loci. Moreover, 42 SSR markers were developed based on the reference 22 sequence of DM. Finally, a genetic map of chromosome 5 contained 50 markers was constructed using the 23 Tetraploidmap software. The total map length was 172 cM with an average genetic distance of 3.44 cM. 24Combining with phenotypic data of the segregation population, we mapped the early maturity trait QTL with the 25 contribution of 33.55% on the short arm of chromosome 5, located at 84cM between the flanking markers 26 SSR5-85-1 and SCAR5-8 with the physical interval of 471kb. Gene annotation showed that there exist 34 genes 27 in this region, 12 of them are unknown function. Among the other 22 annotated genes, E3 ubiquitin ligase gene 28 PUB14 may be related to maturity and regulate tuber formation. Our fine mapping of the early maturity QTL 29 made a solid foundation for cloning of the early maturity controlled gene or genes. 30 Key words:potato ·genetic segment · early maturity trait · marker development · QTL mapping 31Author contribution statement 33 GL and LJ conceived the project, provided idea and designed the whole experiments; XL and JZ conceived the 34 project and performed the molecular marker development and analysis; JX contributed to the maturity 35 phenotyping of the mapping population; SD performed the parents crossing of the mapping population; CB and 36 JH performed the field management of potato materials. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 37 Key message 38Early maturity site was mapped using a tetraploid potato segregation population derived from cv. Zhongshu 19 39 and Zhongshu 3. One major QTL with 33.55% contribution to early maturity was fine mapped in physical 40 interval of 471kb on chromosome 5. potato (2n = 4x = 48) is highly heterozygous, with high frequency of genetic recombination and 87 severe recession after self-fertilization (Manrique-Carpintero et al. 2018). The molecular marker is difficult to 88 develop. The diploid potato chromosome number is small, the genetic background is relatively simple, and it is 89 easy to carry out genetic analysis and operation. Therefore, the development of potato markers and genetic map 90 construction is mainly at the diploid level, and is done mainly with the use of the traditional QTL mapping 91 analysis method, whereas fewer studies are conducted on tetraploid materials. Although most of the studies have 92 mapped QTLs on chromosome 5, there are no m...
A series of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) copolymer gels with different hydrophilicities were prepared from NIPAAm, hydrophilic acrylamide (AAm) and hydrophobic butyl methacrylate (BMA). The swelling and thermo-responsive properties of PNIPAAm P (NIPAm-co-BMA) and P(NIPAm-co-AAm) copolymer hydrogels were investigated. The drug loading and releasing behaviors for two kinds of model drug with different hydrophilicities were studied. The result shows that the copolymer gels present negative thermo-sensitivities. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST), equilibrium swelling degree and the initial swelling rate increase as the hydrophilicity of gels increases when the temperature is below the LCST. With increasing gel hydrophilicity the loading ratio for sodium salicylate increases, while for salicylic acid, the reverse is observed. The initial drug releasing rate of sodium salicylate and salicylic acid also increase with increasing gel hydrophilicity. The initial drug releasing rate of sodium salicylate is significantly higher than that of salicylic acid. For salicylic acid which is less hydrophilic, the equilibrium releasing ratio at high temperature is lower than that at low temperature while for sodium salicylate which is more hydrophilic, the equilibrium releasing ratio at high temperature is almost the same as that at low temperature. Equilibrium releasing ratios of the three gels are significantly different from each other for salicylic acid when the temperature is below LCST while the equilibrium releasing ratios of the three gels are all 100% for sodium salicylate.
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