Background Rhizosphere fungi and endophytic fungi play key roles in plant growth and development; however, their role in the growth of Epimedium koreanum Nakai at different stages remains unclear. Here, we used the Illumina MiSeq system, a high-throughput sequencing technology, to study the endophytic fungi and rhizosphere microbiome of Korean Epimedium. Results Epimedium koreanum Nakai rhizosphere soil and leaves had highly diverse fungal communities during the growth process. The relative abundance of soil fungi in the rhizosphere stage was higher than that of leaf endophytic fungi in the early growth stage, but the overall abundance was basically equal. Sebacina is a significantly divergent fungal genera, and Sebacina sp. are present among leaf fungi species in the rhizosphere soil of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. Sebacina sp. can move to each other in rhizosphere soil fungi and leaf endophytes. VIF (variance inflation factor) analysis showed that soluble salt, whole nitrogen, alkaline lysis nitrogen, whole phosphorus, total potassium, and fast-acting potassium are useful environmental factors for rhizosphere soil and leaf endophytic fungi: potassium, total nitrogen, whole phosphorus, and three environmental factors were significantly and positively associated with the relative abundance of Sebacina sp. Conclusions (1) This study is the first to clarify the species diversity of fungi in Epimedium koreanum Nakai leaf and rhizosphere soil. (2) Different fungal communities of rhizosphere soil fungi and leaf endophytic fungi at different growth stages of Epimedium koreanum Nakai were examined. (3) Sebacina sp. can move to each other between rhizosphere soil fungi and leaf endophytic fungi. (4) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in the environment have a significant positive effect on the relative abundance of Sebacina sp.
Epimedium plants offer a source of medicinal ingredients. To promote research and development of Epimedium in Korea, we explored the effects of endophytes on host plant growth and development and the accumulation of active components. The effects of the endophytes Diaporthe cotoneastri (strain S3) and Ilyonectria cyclaminicola (strain S10) on the biomass, photosynthesis parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and activity of key enzymes and active components during the growth and development of Epimedium were investigated. Both the S3 and S10 strains promoted the growth of Epimedium grown in the natural environment in a field experiment in Korea. Redundancy analysis showed that the content of epimedin A and peroxidase activity were positively correlated with the total flavonoid content. The S10 strain promoted the growth of Epimedium faster than the S3 strain. The results suggested that flavanone 3-hydroxylase catalyzes the synthesis of epimedin A and icariin by different pathways from the same substrate, although the mechanism remains unclear. Overall, these findings suggest that peroxidase plays a key role in total flavonoids synthesis in Korean Epimedium. These results can support the use of these endophyte strains as biological fertilizers to improve the growth and active components production of Epimedium. Keywords: F3H; endophyte; Korean Epimedium; total flavonoids; epimedin A; icariin
As a traditional Chinese Dao-di herb, the size of Epimedium korea's stock in wild populations are shrinking yearly due to environmental, climatic, and anthropogenic impacts. In this study, a new fungal strain, Ilyonectria cyclaminicola (I.c.), capable of a high production of total flavonoids was screened from six endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of E. korea. In the zebrafish model, the metabolites of I.c. strains had similar efficacy to medicinal material. Culturing the I.c. strain with α-actose as the carbon source, glycine as the nitrogen source, at pH = 6 and a culture temperature of 25°C, under 12-h natural light, as the solid fermentation conditions, yielded the highest content of total flavonoids. This study fills the gap in the research on the endophytes of E. korea and lays the foundation for developing the I.c. strain into a new medicinal resource and a substitute for the threatened medicinal material of E. korea.
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