Characterization of eight novel full-length genomes of SARS-CoV-2 among imported COVID-19 cases from abroad in Yunnan, China Dear Editor: Recent correspondence in this Journal has highlighted the current threat posed by recently-emerging corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the world. 1 The COVID-19 is infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by fever, dry cough, weak, and so on. 2 , 3 SARS-CoV-2 has already caused a global pandemic. By 26 Apr, 2020, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has led to more than 3.0 million infections and above 20 0,0 0 0 deaths; 4 thus, its outbreak has become a global public health problem. Recently, COVID-19 epidemic in China has been well controlled, whereas the risk of imported COVID-19 cases has increased dramatically. 5 As of April 26, 2020, a total of 1,636 abroad imported patients were reported in China. 6 However, limited studies on full-length genome characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 cases imported from abroad. Here, we characterized the genotype and mutation characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from eight imported cases from abroad in Yunnan, China. Eight COVID-19 patients imported from overseas were admitted to Yunnan Provincial Infectious Disease Hospital from March 15, 2020 to March 26, 2020. The epidemiological history and respiratory symptoms of the eight patients were summarized in Fig. 1 A and 1 B. The 8 patients include 4 males and 4 females, with ages ranging from 6 years to 70 years old. No patient has ever been to Wuhan city in China. Two cases YN_Im01 and YN_Im03 were from Spain to Yunnan, YN_Im02 from France, YN_Im04 from Cambodia, YN_Im05 from Sri Lanka, and YN_Im06-08, a family cluster of COVID-19 patients from the United States (Fig. 1 A). Six cases showed different degrees of respiratory symptoms before hospitalization. YN_Im06 was severe, YN_Im01, YN_Im05, YN_Im07, and YN_Im08 were moderate, YN_Im02 was mild, and YN_Im03 and YN_Im04 were asymptomatic according to the latest COVID-19 diagnostic criteria (5th edition) published by the National Health Commission of China (Fig. 1 B). So far, three main clades involving G, V, and S have been identified based on marker mutations in the complete SARS-CoV-2 genome according to the latest genotyping rules recommended by the GISAID databas. 7 G clade containing D614G variant in S protein is predominant in Europe, V clade possessing G251V mutation in ORF3 is more common in Asia and Europe, and S clade having L84S substitution in ORF8 is move prevalent in North America. 8 In this study, eight complete genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from sputum samples were successfully amplified and sequenced with 38 overlapping fragments. Dataset comprise SARS-CoV-2 full-length sequences of representative clade G, V, and S as previously reported, and reference sequences with the highest sim
Background: The impact of vitamin D on type 1 diabetes has been a controversial topic in public health. Furthermore, significant differences in the proportion of vitamin D have been noted. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the overall proportion of vitamin D deficiency in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: Based on six electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid Medline, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library), eligible studies since the databases’ inception up to April 2022 were searched. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. Overall, studies with statistical information on vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with T1D were included, and a random effects model was applied for the meta-analysis. In addition, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were carried out to evaluate heterogeneity, and publication bias was evaluated by using Egger’s test. Results: A total of 45 studies involving 6,995 participants were selected for the meta-analysis. The proportion of vitamin D deficiency in children/adolescents with T1D was found to be 45% (95% confidence interval [CI] 37-54%, I2 = 97.94%). Subgroup analysis further showed that the publication year, study design, classification of vitamin D, different seasons and geographical region could significantly contribute to variations in the reported proportion of vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions: This systematic review analyzed the available literature and revealed that the proportion of vitamin D deficiency among T1D children/adolescents was 45%. In addition, the proportion remains higher, which has important implications for adapting health and social care systems.
Background In China, the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was a severe public health emergency that postponed the spring-summer semester of schools and forced students to implement home quarantine to prevent community transmission. Surgical interns’ regular learning was seriously affected during the pandemic, and was almost impossible to carry out. Methods This study aims to explore a novel online medical teaching method during the COVID-19 pandemic. A 12-week case-based learning through small private online course was conducted for 108 medical students who were supposed to practice surgery at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University but were delayed because of the pandemic. At the end of the course, final test and questionnaire survey were completed. The scores of final tests were compared with those before pandemic of the same students when receiving traditional surgical internship teaching. Results The case-based learning through small private online course during the pandemic significantly increased the scores of students in the surgical basic knowledge(90.00 ± 4.76 vs. 85.81 ± 7.45, P = 0.003) and clinical analysis ability(89.55 ± 3.41 vs. 84.57 ± 5.07, P = 0.000), but decreased the scores of clinical operative skills(79.19 ± 5.52 vs. 85.28 ± 9.45, P = 0.002 ). According to the survey, 91.6% of the students thought it was necessary to carry out the online internship teaching and 88.9% of students were satisfied with this teaching method. Conclusions It was concluded that case-based learning through small private online course effectively minimized the impact of COVID-19 for surgical intern teaching by providing high-quality education.
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