In this paper, we study the nonlocal Cauchy problems of fractional evolution equations with Riemann-Liouville derivative by considering an integral equation which is given in terms of probability density. By using the theory of Hausdorff measure of noncompactness, we establish various existence theorems of mild solutions for the Cauchy problems in the cases C 0 semigroup is compact or noncompact. 2010 AMS Mathematics subject classification. Primary 26A33, 34A08, 35R11. Keywords and phrases. Fractional evolution equations, integral equations, Riemann-Liouville derivative, mild solutions, C 0 semigroup, measure of noncompactness.

The electronic structure of three surface or near-surface states on stepped Cu͑775͒ has been investigated using angle-resolved, resonant, two-photon photoemission. Since the electron wave function in each of these electronic states has a different average distance from the crystal plane, the measurement allowed the step potential at each distance to be sampled. The energy dispersion of the nϭ1 image-potential state was found to be oriented by the ͑111͒ terrace and the nϭ2 state was oriented by the ͑775͒ surface plane. The band structure of the embedded sp-like surface state (nϭ0) was determined by the projection of the bulk band gap onto

All obesity measures were positively associated with femoral neck BMD, but not with lumbar spine BMD. Hip circumference was the most important obesity measure in relation to BMD.

Objective : To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Hua Shi Bai Du Granule (Q-14) plus standard care compared with standard care alone in adults with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Study Design : A single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Setting : Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China, February 27 to March 27, 2020. Participants : A total of 204 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were randomized into the treatment group and control group, consisting of 102 patients in each group. Interventions : In the treatment group, Q-14 was administered at 10 g (granules) twice daily for 14 days, plus standard care. In the control group, patients were provided standard care alone for 14 days. Main Outcome Measure : The primary outcome was the conversion time for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral assay. Adverse events were analyzed in the safety population. Results : Among the 204 patients, 195 were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. A totalof 149 patients (71 vs. 78 in the treatment and control groups, respectively) tested negative via the SARS-CoV-2 viral assay. There was no statistical significance in the conversion time between the treatment group and control group (full analysis set: median (interquartile range): 10.00 (9.00-11.00) vs. 10.00 (9.00-11.00); mean rank: 67.92 vs. 81.44; P=0.051.). The recovery time for fever was shorter in the treatment group than in the control group. The disappearance rate of symptomslike cough, fatigue, and chest discomfort was significantly higher in the treatment group. In chest computed tomography (CT) examinations, the overall evaluation of chest CT examination after treatment compared with baseline showed that more patients showed improvement in the treatment group. There were no significant differences in the other outcomes. Conclusion : The combination of Q-14 and standard care for COVID-19 was useful for the improvement of symptoms (such as fever, cough, fatigue, and chest discomfort), but did not result in a significantly higher probability of negative conversion in the SARS-CoV-2 viral assay. No serious adverse events were observed. Trial Registration : ChiCTR2000030288

Electron phonon (el-ph) coupling is a fundamental quantity that controls the electron transport through a conductor. We experimentally determined the el-ph coupling strength of epitaxial copper (Cu) films ranging from 5 to 1000 nm thick using both ultra-fast, optical pump-probe reflectivity and temperature-dependent resistivity measurements. An enhancement of the el-ph coupling strength was observed when the thickness of the films was reduced to below 50 nm. We suggest that this unexpected enhancement of the el-ph coupling strength is partially responsible for the observed increase of resistivity in the films below 50 nm thick.

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to forecast epidemic peaks of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in China using the grey disaster model, to evaluate its feasibility of predicting the epidemic tendency of notifiable diseases.MethodsAccording to epidemiological features, the GM(1,1) model and DGM model were used to build the grey disaster model based on the incidence data of typhoid and paratyphoid fever collected from the China Health Statistical Yearbook. Model fitting accuracy test was used to evaluate the performance of these two models. Then, the next catastrophe date was predicted by the better model.ResultsThe simulation results showed that DGM model was better than GM(1,1) model in our data set. Using the DGM model, we predicted the next epidemic peak time will occur between 2023 to 2025.ConclusionThe grey disaster model can predict the typhoid and paratyphoid fever epidemic time precisely, which may provide valuable information for disease prevention and control.

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Electron interaction in nanoscale metal structures is of major interest in understanding and designing nanoscale electronic devices. In this study, electron interaction in epitaxially grown 20-nm-thick copper film on Si(100) was studied using femtosecond pump-probe technique with tunable probe photon energy near the d-band to Fermi-level transition. It was found that probe-photon-energy dependence on the transient reflectivity signal can be divided into four regimes, and the borders of these regimes depend on the pump power. Based on a phenomenological model, the excited electrons were separated into nonthermalized and thermalized electrons, and it was seen that the probe-photon-energy dependence of the signal can be explained by the difference of the ratios of nonthermalized to thermalized electron components. Furthermore, it was found that each of these two components can be selectively excited by properly choosing the probe photon energy. Each electron-phonon (el-ph) coupling and electron internal thermalization time were investigated individually without interference from each other's processes. We show that el-ph coupling factor is larger in epitaxial copper film than the previously reported value in polycrystalline-copper film. In addition, the electron internal thermalization time is smaller than the reported value for the polycrystalline gold and silver films.