Numerous polypropylene hollow fiber microfiltration membrane modules were severely degraded after utilization as pretreatment in a military water purification system. To determine the plausible causes of degradation, thermal, chemical, and mechanical material properties were initially evaluated by using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and a tensile strength material testing system. The evaluation implied oxidation during the usage or storage of the samples. Protocols using more specialized techniques, micro‐Raman spectroscopy along with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and an atomic force microscope‐based nano‐thermal analysis, were developed to examine the chemical and thermal properties along the cross‐section of the samples at the micron and submicron‐scale. These results indicated that the degradation mainly took place at the outer and inner boundaries of the samples. Pristine samples exposed to several plausibly harsh environments did not evidence the same level of mechanical failure, but a few circumstances had similar test responses, leading to a hypothesis of high oxidative stress as the main failure etiology versus a slowly evolving one. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41553.
Liposome surface functionalization facilitates enormous potential applications of liposomes, such as enhanced stability, bioactive liposome conjugates, and targeted drug, gene and image agent delivery. Anchoring lipids are needed for grafting ligands of interest and play important roles in ligands grafting density, liposome stability, and liposome chemical and physical characteristics as well. In this report, glyco-functionalized liposome systems based on two kinds of anchoring lipid, phosphatidylethonalamine (PE) and cholesterol (Chol) were prepared by post chemically selective functionalization via Staudinger ligation. The size and stability of the liposomes were confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Particularly, the impact of anchor lipids on the stability of glyco-functionalized liposomes was investigated by comparing two different anchor lipids, namely Chol-PEG 2000 -TP and DSPE-PEG 2000 -TP. In addition, the encapsulation and releasing capacity of the glycosylated liposome based on the two anchoring lipids were investigated by entrapping 5, 6carboxyfluorescein (CF) dye and monitoring the fluorescence leakage, respectively. Furthermore, the density and accessibility of grafted carbohydrate residues on the liposome surface were evaluated for the two anchoring lipids-derived liposomes with lectin binding, respectively.
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