We evaluated the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to the growth, ion content, and solute accumulation of Leymus chinensis seedlings under salt–alkali stress and nitrogen deposition.

Ricinus communis is an important energy crop and is considered as one of the most potential plants for salt-alkali soil improvement in Northeast China. Early seedling stage (such as the cotyledon expansion stage) is always a vulnerable stage but plays a vital role in plant establishment, especially under stress conditions. However, little information exists concerning the function of cotyledon and the relationship between cotyledon and true leaf in the adaptation to salt stress and alkali stress of this species. Here, Ricinus communis seedlings were treated with varying (40, 80 and 120 mM) salinity (NaCl) and alkalinity (NaHCO3), growth, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence of cotyledons and true leaves were measured. The results showed that the biomass, photosynthetic parameters, and the qp value of both cotyledons and true leaves decreased with increasing salt-alkali stress, and the decrease in biomass, gs and Tr, of true leaves were much greater than that of cotyledons. Salt-alkali stress only reduced photosynthetic pigments and ΦPSII in cotyledons, but did not affect those in true leaves. Additionally, the Fv/Fm and NPQ between cotyledons and true leaves showed different trends in salinity and alkalinity. The results suggested that alkali stress could cause much more damage to the castor bean seedlings, and different physiological responses and adaptive strategies are found in cotyledons and true leaves under salt-alkali stress. This study will help us develop a better understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of cotyledon and true leaf during early seedling stage of castor bean plant, and also provide new insights into the function of cotyledon in Ricinus communis under salt-alkali stress conditions.

Ryegrass is considered a useful grass species for forage production and turf purposes. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)are two species of ryegrass with similar genomes. So far, little information exists concerning their physiological response to salt-alkali stress during germination stage, especially under different temperature regimes. Seeds of ryegrass were germinated at four alternating temperatures (10–20, 15–25, 20–30, and 25–35°C) with salinity (NaCl) and alkalinity (Na2CO3, high pH) stresses. Results showed that optimal germination for both species under stress conditions occurred at higher temperatures (20–30°C for annual ryegrass; 20–30°C and 25–35°C for perennial ryegrass). Germination percentage and germination rate were both inhibited by increasing salinity or alkalinity, particularly higher alkalinities under any temperature. The inhibitory effects of the high salinity on germination were greater at 10–20°C for both species. However, seeds were subjected to more stress at 25–35°C under alkali stress even though the concentration was very low. In addition, both high and low temperatures lead to a markedly decrease in seed germination under alkali stress for perennial ryegrass. Recovery percentage of both species were highest at 400 mM salinity and 25 mM alkalinity under any temperature, especially 10–20°C, and 25–35°C also resulted in lower recovery percentages under both stresses for ryegrass. Moreover, annual ryegrass had a much higher recovery percentage than perennial ryegrass under such stress conditions. These results suggest that salinity stress and alkalinity stress are greatly different, and the salt-alkaline tolerance of ryegrass seeds is greatly affected by the interactions of temperature and salinity–alkalinity.

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Aralia elata buds contain many nutrients and have a pleasant taste with a unique flavour. Previous studies mainly focused on triterpene saponins in the root bark of this species, but little information existed concerning other chemical components, especially in the buds. To better understand the nutritional value of A. elata, we compared total flavonoids, total saponins, phenolic compounds and mineral element contents in the buds of A. elata collected from eight different geographical regions (S1: Benxi; S2: Linjiang; S3: Pingwu; S4: Enshi; S5: Changbaishan; S6: Shangzhi; S7: Xiaoxinganling and S8: Harbin) in China. The results showed that the basic composition in the buds presented a wide variation, with ash (8.76–10.35%), crude fibre (5.38–11.07%), polysaccharides (33.85–46.79 mg g−1), total flavonoid content (TFC, 4.06–48.63 mg g−1) and total saponins (13.62–27.85 mg g−1). UPLC combined with the LC-MS/MS method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis, and 11 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the eight samples. The total phenolic content in Enshi (S4) was significantly higher than others, and quercetin was the predominant phenolic compound in this sample. We used ICP-OES to identify and quantify nine mineral elements in the buds. The Fe and Cu contents in S5 were much higher than that of others. We obtained maximum Mg, Mn, Co and Ni contents in S4, and found rich Zn content in S7. Moreover, the maximum estimated quantities of Ca and Sr were found in S8. This study indicated that the chemical composition in the buds of A. elata was obviously affected by geographical origin. Our results provided an essential theoretical basis of quality evaluation of A. elata buds in the food production field.

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Ryegrass has a relatively high salt tolerance and is considered to be a promising species for both foraging and turf purposes in salt-affected soils in China. While annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass are two different species, they have similar genomes. However, little is known about their physiological and molecular response mechanisms to salinity stress. Here, biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence, and inorganic ion and organic solute content were measured. 2-DE-based proteomic technology was then used to identify the differentially expressed proteins in the salt-treated seedlings. The results showed that salt stress reduced growth and photosynthesis in the seedlings of both species, but much more so in annual ryegrass. With increasing salinity, the Na+ concentration increased while the K+ concentration decreased in both species, and the sugars and proline increased as the primary organic solutes used to cope with osmotic stress. Additionally, proteomic analysis revealed 33 and 37 differentially expressed proteins in annual and perennial ryegrass, respectively. Most of the identified proteins were involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, photosynthesis, genetic information processes, amino acid metabolism, stress defense, and protein synthesis and folding. The results suggest that the two-ryegrass species had different physiological and proteomic responses. These findings can provide new insights into physiological mechanisms by which ryegrass species respond to salt stress.