To understand the genetics of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), we conducted a genome-wide association study in 987 childhood SSNS patients and 3,206 healthy controls with Japanese ancestry. Beyond known associations in the HLA-DR/DQ region, common variants in NPHS1-KIRREL2 (rs56117924, P[4.94E-20, odds ratio (OR) [1.90)

Nephrotic syndrome is the most common cause of chronic glomerular disease in children. Most of these patients develop steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), but the loci conferring susceptibility to childhood SSNS are mainly unknown. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the Japanese population; 224 patients with childhood SSNS and 419 adult healthy controls were genotyped using the Affymetrix Japonica Array in the discovery stage. Imputation for six genes (, ,, , and) was conducted on the basis of Japanese-specific references. We performed genotyping for /- using a sequence-specific oligonucleotide-probing method on a Luminex platform. Whole-genome imputation was conducted using a phased reference panel of 2049 healthy Japanese individuals. Replication was performed in an independent Japanese sample set including 216 patients and 719 healthy controls. We genotyped candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms using the DigiTag2 assay. The most significant association was detected in the region and replicated (rs4642516 [minor allele G], combined=7.84×10; odds ratio [OR], 0.33; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.26 to 0.41; rs3134996 [minor allele A], combined =1.72×10; OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.37). (=1.82×10; OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.94 to 3.54) and (=2.09×10; OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.21) were considered primary alleles associated with childhood SSNS. (=7.01×10; OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 2.46 to 5.29) was identified as the most significant genetic susceptibility factor. The most significant association with childhood SSNS was detected in the region. Further allele/haplotype analyses should enhance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying SSNS.

Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAd) can replicate specifically in cancer cells and lyse them. The CRAds were widely used in the preclinical and clinical studies of cancer therapy. We hypothesize that more precisely regulated replication of CRAds may further improve the vector safety profile and enhance its antitumor efficacy.

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