As an anti-inflammatory alkaloid, nicotine plays dual roles in treating diseases. Here we reviewed the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of nicotine on inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sepsis, endotoxemia, myocarditis, oral/skin/muscle inflammation, etc., mainly concerning the administration methods, different models, therapeutic concentration and duration, and relevant organs and tissues. According to the data analysis from recent studies in the past 20 years, nicotine exerts much more anti-inflammatory effects than pro-inflammatory ones, especially in ulcerative colitis, arthritis, sepsis, and endotoxemia. On the other hand, in oral inflammation, nicotine promotes and aggravates some diseases such as periodontitis and gingivitis, especially when there are harmful microorganisms in the oral cavity. We also carefully analyzed the nicotine dosage to determine its safe and effective range. Furthermore, we summarized the molecular mechanism of nicotine in these inflammatory diseases through regulating immune cells, immune factors, and the vagus and acetylcholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways. By balancing the “beneficial” and “harmful” effects of nicotine, it is meaningful to explore the effective medical value of nicotine and open up new horizons for remedying acute and chronic inflammation in humans.
Bone age assessment (BAA) is an essential topic in the clinical practice of evaluating the biological maturity of children. Because the manual method is time-consuming and prone to observer variability, it is attractive to develop computer-aided and automated methods for BAA. In this paper, we present a fully automatic BAA method. To eliminate noise in a raw X-ray image, we start with using U-Net to precisely segment hand mask image from a raw X-ray image. Even though U-Net can perform the segmentation with high precision, it needs a bigger annotated dataset. To alleviate the annotation burden, we propose to use deep active learning (AL) to select unlabeled data samples with sufficient information intentionally. These samples are given to Oracle for annotation. After that, they are then used for subsequential training. In the beginning, only 300 data are manually annotated and then the improved U-Net within the AL framework can robustly segment all the 12611 images in RSNA dataset. The AL segmentation model achieved a Dice score at 0.95 in the annotated testing set. To optimize the learning process, we employ six off-the-shell deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with pretrained weights on ImageNet. We use them to extract features of preprocessed hand images with a transfer learning technique. In the end, a variety of ensemble regression algorithms are applied to perform BAA. Besides, we choose a specific CNN to extract features and explain why we select that CNN. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieved discrepancy between manual and predicted bone age of about 6.96 and 7.35 months for male and female cohorts, respectively, on the RSNA dataset. These accuracies are comparable to state-of-the-art performance.
A group G is said to be a B(n, k) group if for any n-element subset A of G, |A 2 | ≤ k. In this paper, characterizations of B(5, 16) groups and B(5, 17) groups are given.2010 Mathematics subject classification: primary 20D60; secondary 20E34. Keywords and phrases: small squaring property, B(n, k) groups. IntroductionA group G is said to have the small squaring property on n-element subsets if for any n-element subset A of G, |A 2 | < n 2 , where A 2 = {ab | a, b ∈ A}. Furthermore, G is called a B n -group if |A 2 | ≤ 1 2 n(n + 1) for all n-element subsets A. Recently, Eddy and Parmenter generalized these notions to a new notion of B(n, k) groups [3]. A group G is called a B(n, k) group if |A| = n implies |A 2 | ≤ k with k ≤ n 2 − 1. Therefore a B n -group is a B(n, 1 2 n(n + 1)) group, and a group with small squaring property on n-element subsets is a B(n, n 2 − 1) group. Determining all B(n, k) groups is an interesting problem. For any given k, G is obviously a B(n, k) group when |G| ≤ k, and such G is referred to as trivial. It is also easy to see that any abelian group G is a B(n, k) group when k ≥ 1 2 n(n + 1). So what we are interested in is to determine all nonabelian nontrivial B(n, k) groups.The B(n, k) groups for n = 2 and n = 3 have been completely characterized in the literature [1,3, 4,9,10]. For n = 4, all B(4, 10) groups were characterized by Parmenter in [10], and B(4, k) groups where k = 11, 12, and 13 were recently characterized by Li and Tan in [7,8]. The only known result for B(5, k) groups with k ≥ 15 is the characterization of B(5, 15) groups given by Li and Tan in [6], and it was shown that G is a nonabelian nontrivial B(5, 15) group if and only if G Q 8 × C 2 . In this paper, we continue the investigation on B(5, k) groups for k = 16 and 17. We provide the complete characterizations of B(5, 17) non-2-groups and 2-groups in Sections 2 and 3, respectively. In Section 4 we obtain a complete characterization of B(5, 16) groups, and we also give a short proof for the characterization of B(5, 15) groups.Throughout the paper, all nonabelian groups are assumed to be finite, and our notation for groups is standard and follows that in [11]. In particular, we denote the quaternion group of order eight and the dihedral group of order 2n by Q 8 and D 2n , respectively: The characterization of B(5, 17) non-2-groupsIn this section, we investigate B(5, 17) non-2-groups. We first work on a necessary condition for a non-2-group G to be a B(5, 17) group. Afterwards, we will give a complete characterization of B(5, 17) non-2-groups. Throughout the section, a group G is assumed to be a non-2-group.2.1. A necessary condition for B(5, 17) non-2-groups. We first characterize a Sylow subgroup of odd order of a B(5, 17) group.L 2.1. Let P be a Sylow subgroup of odd order of a B(5, 17) group G. Then P is abelian.P. Suppose on the contrary that P is not abelian. Then P has two maximal subgroups M andSince M and N are maximal subgroups of P, M P and N P. Since N, aN and a 2 N are disjoint, we may write...
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