Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting represents a promising route to convert solar energy into clean hydrogen. Constructing tandem cells has emerged as a feasible approach and attracted tremendous attention for self-biased water splitting, especially using low-cost and stable metal oxides. Herein, a state-ofthe-art review of metal oxide-based PEC/photovoltaic (PV) tandem cells and PEC tandem cells is comprehensively presented, with a focus on crucial issues of designing efficient tandem devices from the aspects of the photoanodes, photocathodes, and photovoltaics. Different device configurations and efficiency limitations of tandem cells are introduced, and advances of metal oxide-based PEC/ PV and PEC tandem cells in terms of material design and device optimization are discussed. Metal oxide-based tandem cells have shown solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies of ∼8%, which is approaching practicality. Perspectives on remaining challenges and potential strategies are outlined.
Herein, sandwich structured tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoplate arrays were first synthesized for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting via a facile hydrothermal method followed by an annealing treatment. It was demonstrated that the annealing temperature played an important role in determining the morphology and crystal phase of the WO3 film. Only when the hydrothermally prepared precursor was annealed at 500 °C could the sandwich structured WO3 nanoplates be achieved, probably due to the crystalline phase transition and increased thermal stress during the annealing process. The sandwich structured WO3 photoanode exhibited a photocurrent density of 1.88 mA cm(-2) and an incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) as high as 65% at 400 nm in neutral Na2SO4 solution under AM 1.5G illumination. To our knowledge, this value is one of the best PEC performances for WO3 photoanodes. Meanwhile, simultaneous hydrogen and oxygen evolution was demonstrated for the PEC water splitting. It was concluded that the high PEC performance should be attributed to the large electrochemically active surface area and active monoclinic phase. The present study can provide guidance to develop highly efficient nanostructured photoelectrodes with the favorable morphology.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen generation has been considered as a promising route to convert and store solar energy into chemical fuels. In terms of its large-scale application, seeking semiconductor photoelectrodes with high efficiency and good stability should be essential. Although an enormous number of materials have been explored for solar water splitting in the last several decades, challenges still remain for the practical application. P-type copper-based chalcogenides, such as Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 and Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 , have shown impressive performance in photovoltaics due to narrow bandgaps, high absorption coefficients, and good carrier transport properties. The obtained high efficiencies in photovoltaics have promoted the utilization of these materials into the field of PEC water splitting. A comprehensive review on copper-based chalcogenides for solar-to-hydrogen conversion would help advance the research in this expanding area. This review will cover the physicochemical properties of copper-based chalcogenides, developments of various photocathodes, strategies to enhance the PEC activity and stability, introductions of tandem PEC cells, and finally, prospects on their potential for the practical solar-to-hydrogen conversion. We believe this review article can provide some insights of fundamentals and applications of copper-based chalcogenide thin films for PEC water splitting.
Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia (AP-induced HPRL) occurs overall in up to 70% of patients with schizophrenia, which is associated with hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction. We summarized the latest evidence for the benefits of prolactin-lowering drugs. We performed network meta-analyses to summarize the evidence and applied Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation frameworks (GRADE) to rate the certainty of evidence, categorize interventions, and present the findings. The search identified 3,022 citations, 31 studies of which with 1999 participants were included in network meta-analysis. All options were not significantly better than placebo among patients with prolactin (PRL) less than 50 ng/ml. However, adjunctive aripiprazole (ARI) (5 mg: MD = −64.26, 95% CI = −87.00 to −41.37; 10 mg: MD = −59.81, 95% CI = −90.10 to −29.76; more than 10 mg: MD = −68.01, 95% CI = −97.12 to −39.72), switching to ARI in titration (MD = −74.80, 95% CI = −134.22 to −15.99) and adjunctive vitamin B6 (MD = −91.84, 95% CI = −165.31 to −17.74) were associated with significant decrease in AP-induced PRL among patients with PRL more than 50 ng/ml with moderated (adjunctive vitamin B6) to high (adjunctive ARI) certainty of evidence. Pharmacological treatment strategies for AP-induced HPRL depends on initial PRL level. No effective strategy was found for patients with AP-induced HPRL less than 50 ng/ml, while adjunctive ARI, switching to ARI in titration and adjunctive high-dose vitamin B6 showed better PRL decrease effect on AP-induced HPRL more than 50 ng/ml.
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