Background Plasma levels of coagulation factors VII (FVII), VIII (FVIII), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) influence risk of hemorrhage and thrombosis. We conducted genome-wide association studies to identify new loci associated with plasma levels. Methods and Results Setting includes 5 community-based studies for discovery comprising 23,608 European-ancestry participants: ARIC, CHS, B58C, FHS, and RS. All had genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) scans and at least 1 phenotype measured: FVII activity/antigen, FVIII activity, and vWF antigen. Each study used its genotype data to impute to HapMap SNPs and independently conducted association analyses of hemostasis measures using an additive genetic model. Study findings were combined by meta-analysis. Replication was conducted in 7,604 participants not in the discovery cohort. For FVII, 305 SNPs exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold of 5.0×10−8 and comprised 5 loci on 5 chromosomes: 2p23 (smallest p-value 6.2×10−24), 4q25 (3.6×10−12), 11q12 (2.0×10−10), 13q34 (9.0×10−259), and 20q11.2 (5.7×10−37). Loci were within or near genes, including 4 new candidate genes and F7 (13q34). For vWF, 400 SNPs exceeded the threshold and marked 8 loci on 6 chromosomes: 6q24 (1.2×10−22), 8p21 (1.3×10−16), 9q34 (<5.0×10−324), 12p13 (1.7×10−32), 12q23 (7.3×10−10), 12q24.3 (3.8×10−11), 14q32 (2.3×10−10) and 19p13.2 (1.3×10−9). All loci were within genes, including 6 new candidate genes, as well as ABO (9q34) and VWF (12p13). For FVIII, 5 loci were identified and overlapped vWF findings. Nine of the 10 new findings replicated. Conclusions New genetic associations were discovered outside previously known biologic pathways and may point to novel prevention and treatment targets of hemostasis disorders.
Protein C is an important endogenous anticoagulant in hemostasis. Deficiencies of protein C due to genetic mutations or a low level of circulating protein C increase the risk of venous thromboembolism. We performed a genome-wide association scan for plasma protein C antigen concentration with approximately 2.5 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 8048 individuals of European ancestry and a replication analysis in a separate sample of 1376 individuals in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Four independent loci from 3 regions were identified with genome-wide significance: 2p23 (GCKR, best SNP rs1260326, P ؍ 2.04 ؋ 10 ؊17 ), 2q13-q14 (PROC, rs1158867, P ؍ 3.77 ؋ 10 ؊36 ), 20q11 (near and within PROCR, rs8119351, P ؍ 2.68 ؋ 10 ؊203 ), and 20q11.22 (EDEM2, rs6120849, P ؍ 7.19 ؋ 10 ؊37 and 5.23 ؋ 10 ؊17 before and after conditional analysis, respectively). All 4 loci replicated in the independent sample. Furthermore, pooling the discovery and replication sets yielded an additional locus at chromosome 7q11.23 (BAZ1B, rs17145713, P ؍ 2.83 ؋ 10 ؊8 ). The regions marked by GCKR, EDEM2, and BAZ1B are novel loci that have not been previously reported for association with protein C concentration. In summary, this first genome-wide scan for circulating protein C concentration identified both new and known loci in the general population. These findings may improve the understanding of physiologic mechanisms in protein C regulation. (Blood. 2010;116(23):5032-5036) IntroductionProtein C, a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver, is one of the most important endogenous anticoagulants. 1 Upon activation by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex, it inactivates factor Va and FVIIIa and thus reduces the coagulation reaction and consequently formation of thrombi. Hereditary protein C deficiencies, characterized by reduction of protein C antigen/ activity due to rare genetic mutations, contribute to familial venous thrombosis. [2][3][4][5] In the general population, a low level of circulating protein C as well as common variants in the protein C gene are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism. [6][7][8][9] Activated protein C also exerts other physiologic effects including anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties and endothelial barrier stabilization. 10 Treatment with activated protein C is effective for patients with severe sepsis and acute organ dysfunction. 10 Plasma levels of protein C are influenced by genetic factors, with a heritability of 0.36 and 0.50 in Spanish and MexicanAmerican families, respectively. 11,12 To date, only a few candidate genes studies of protein C focusing on a few variants have been reported. 9,13-15 A comprehensive investigation of genomic variants influencing protein C is not available in the literature. We performed a genome-wide association (GWA) scan for plasma protein C concentration with approximately 2.5 million singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), based on the data from a large population of individuals of European ance...
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common, heritable disease resulting in high rates of hospitalization and mortality. Yet few associations between VTE and genetic variants, all in the coagulation pathway, have been established. To identify additional genetic determinants of VTE, we conducted a 2-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) among individuals of European ancestry in the extended CHARGE VTE consortium. The discovery GWAS comprised 1,618 incident VTE cases out of 44,499 participants from six community-based studies. Genotypes for genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were imputed to ~2.5 million SNPs in HapMap and association with VTE assessed using study-design appropriate regression methods. Meta-analysis of these results identified two known loci, in F5 and ABO. Top 1,047 tag SNPs (p≤0.0016) from the discovery GWAS were tested for association in an additional 3,231 cases and 3,536 controls from three case-control studies. In the combined data from these two stages, additional genome-wide significant associations were observed on 4q35 at F11 (top SNP rs4253399, intronic to F11) and on 4q28 at FGG (rs6536024, 9.7 kb from FGG) (p<5.0×10−13 for both). The associations at the FGG locus were not completely explained by previously reported variants. Loci at or near SUSD1 and OTUD7A showed borderline yet novel associations (p<5.0×10-6) and constitute new candidate genes. In conclusion, this large GWAS replicated key genetic associations in F5 and ABO, and confirmed the importance of F11 and FGG loci for VTE. Future studies are warranted to better characterize the associations with F11 and FGG and to replicate the new candidate associations.
Soybean (Glycine max) is a hugely valuable soft commodity that generates tens of billions of dollars annually. This value is due in part to the balanced composition of the seed which is roughly 1:2:2 oil, starch, and protein by weight. In turn, the seeds have many uses with various derivatives appearing broadly in processed food products. As is true with many edible seeds, soybeans contain proteins that are anti-nutritional factors and allergens. Soybean, along with milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, and wheat, elicit a majority of food allergy reactions in the United States. Soybean seed composition can be affected by breeding, and environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, moisture, insect/pathogen load, and/or soil nutrient levels). The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of genotype and environment on allergen and anti-nutritional proteins in soybean. To address genetic and environmental effects, four varieties of non-GM soybeans were grown in six geographically distinct regions of North America (Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Ontario, and Pennsylvania). Absolute quantification of proteins by mass spectrometry can be achieved with a technique called multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), during which signals from an endogenous protein are compared to those from a synthetic heavy-labeled internal standard. Using MRM, eight allergens were absolutely quantified for each variety in each environment. Statistical analyses show that for most allergens, the effects of environment far outweigh the differences between varieties brought about by breeding.
The long-term characteristics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among COVID-19 patients remain largely unclear. Tracking the longevity of these antibodies can provide a forward-looking reference for monitoring COVID-19.
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