The objective of this study was to investigate the overall contribution of genetic and environmental effects on poor response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination in Chinese infants. One-year-old healthy twins were recruited from child-care settings. Parental factors, neonates' condition at birth, postnatal infant feeding history and growth measurements during the 12 months were investigated by conducting an interview and checking the medical records. HBV-related markers were examined at 1 year of age. Heritability of surface antibody to HBV (anti-HBs) concentrations (ordinal variable) among twins was estimated using MX software. The role of perinatal environmental factors on poor vaccine response (anti-HBso100 mIU ml À1 ) was analyzed using XTGEE (fit population-averaged panel-data models by using GEE) programs. Overall, 172 out of 225 recruited twin pairs were analyzed for heritability, including 82 pairs (47.67%) of monozygotic twins and 90 pairs of dizygotic twins, which consisted 43 pairs of (25.0%) opposite sex twins, 29 pairs of male twins and 18 pairs of female twins. Seventy-one (19.9%) of 370 twins showed poor responses to HBV vaccine. An additive genetic (0.91 of the variance)-random environmental (0.09 of the variance)-model best fit the variation of anti-HBs response. Risk factor analysis showed that with a smoking father and low birth weight, the infants were associated with an increased risk of poor response to HBV vaccination (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 4.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.52-8.03 and OR ¼ 2.55, 95% CI: 1.33-4.87, respectively). Higher Apgar score and gaining more body weight in the first year of life reduced this risk. Genetic factors have a dominant role in determining infant HBV vaccination responses (91%) compared with perinatal environmental factors.
This paper studies automatic vehicle exterior fire detection and suppression techniques. The main difficulties include: 1) complex and changeable environment outside the vehicle; 2) low sensitivity of the fire detector; 3) quick dissipation of fire extinguishing agent in the open space outside the vehicle; 4) extinguishing agent nozzle blocking due to dust and sand. This paper selects a special ultra-fine dry powder fire extinguishing agent for automobiles to design the protective nozzle and to study the automatic detection controller with the functions of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, with an aim to improve fire suppression reliability. Based on the virtual and real vehicle tests, it is verified that the fire extinguishing effect of the designed system meets the design requirements.
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