Production of epoxidized vegetable oils becomes more and more important because they are renewable, nontoxic, and biodegradable chemicals. At the industrial scale, the Prileschajew oxidation is used to produce epoxidized vegetable oils from the corresponding vegetable oils. This oxidation uses an oxygen carrier, which is a percarboxylic acid produced in situ in the aqueous phase, to epoxidize the unsaturated groups on the vegetable oils. One of the main drawbacks of this method is the presence of side reactions: ring-opening reactions of the epoxide group. To minimize the ringopening reactions and to find the most suitable reactor configuration, it is essential to investigate deeply the different ring-opening reactions.For this work, epoxidation of cottonseed oil by peracetic acid in a batch reactor was studied. By developing a suitable modeling strategy, the kinetic constants for the ringopening reactions by water, hydrogen peroxide and acetic and peracetic acids were estimated. It was found that ring opening by acetic and peracetic acids was faster than by water and hydrogen peroxide. Based on this model, it was found that a semibatch reactor where hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid were added is the most suitable configuration. K E Y W O R D Sepoxidation, kinetic modeling, liquid-liquid reaction system, parameter estimation 726

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The epoxidized group, also known as the oxirane group, can be considered as one of the most crucial rings in chemistry. Due to the high ring strain and the polarization of the C–O bond in this three-membered ring, several reactions can be carried out. One can see such a functional group as a crucial intermediate in fuels, polymers, materials, fine chemistry, etc. Literature covering the topic of epoxidation, including the catalytic aspect, is vast. No review articles have been written on the catalytic synthesis of short size, intermediate and macro-molecules to the best of our knowledge. To fill this gap, this manuscript reviews the main catalytic findings for the production of ethylene and propylene oxides, epichlorohydrin and epoxidized vegetable oil. We have selected these three epoxidized molecules because they are the most studied and produced. The following catalytic systems will be considered: homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis.

Vegetable oils are more and more used in industry for the production of biodiesel, biolubricant or polymer. In this context, production of polyurethane by non-isocyanate routes involves the production of epoxidized and carbonated vegetable oils. The determination of the optimum operating conditions and the scale-up of these processes require the knowledge of different physicochemical properties such as viscosity, density, refractive index or specific heat capacity.These data are rare for the epoxidized and carbonated vegetable oils and the evolution of these data with the temperature is absent in the literature. This article proposes to study the evolution of these properties with temperature and composition in double bond, epoxide and carbonated groups. It was demonstrated that density, refractive index of these oils vary linearly with temperature. Viscosity of these oils, which was found to be Newtonian fluids, is an exponential function of temperature. The ratio of specific heat capacity at a temperature to the specific heat capacity at a reference temperature follows a polynomial equation of second order with temperature.It was demonstrated that some correlations could be used to predict the evolutions of these physicochemical properties at different compositions and temperatures based on the property knowledge of the pure compounds.

The gastrointestinal absorption of the main carotenoids present in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, crocetin, crocin-1 and crocin-2, was assayed through transport studies on MKN-28 and Caco-2 cell lines. Overall, crocetin was the compound that presented the highest gastrointestinal transport efficiency. Additionally, and since after absorption crocins are metabolized into crocetin, the antiproliferative capacity of crocetin was assayed in MKN-28 (stomach), MCF-7 (breast) and Caco-2 (colon) cancer cell lines. The results point to an antiproliferative effect of crocetin on the three cell lines tested. Anti-inflammatory properties were also assayed. Overall, crocetin showed a potential involvement in the downregulation of IL-1β and TNF-α but not IL-6. Altogether, these results suggest that these compounds can have an important role against cancer proliferation, highlighting the importance of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis as a nutraceutical food source.

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