Naturally, simultaneous interactions occurred among plants, herbivores, and soil biota, that is, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), nematodes, and fungal pathogens. These multiple interactions play fundamental roles in driving process, structure, and functioning of ecosystems. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis with 144 papers to investigate the interactions between AMF and plant biotic stressors and their effects on plant growth performance. We found that AMF enhanced plant tolerance to herbivores, nematodes, and fungal pathogens. We also found reciprocal inhibition between AMF and nematodes as well as fungal pathogens, but unidirectional inhibition for AMF on herbivores. Negative effects of AMF on biotic stressors of plants depended on herbivore feeding sites and actioning modes of fungal pathogens. More performance was reduced in root-feeding than in shoot-feeding herbivores and in rotting- than in wilt-fungal pathogens. However, no difference was found for AMF negative effects between migratory and sedentary nematodes. In return, nematodes and fungal pathogens generated more reduction of root colonization in Non-Glomeraceae than in Glomeraceae. Our results suggested that AMF positive effects on plants might be indirectly mediated by competitive inhibition with biotic stressors of plants. These positive and negative interactions make potential contributions to maintaining ecosystem stability and functioning.
A unique two-carbon ring expansion of isatin has been achieved to conveniently construct the functionalized dibenzo[b,d]azepin-6-one scaffold in moderate to high yields, and the two carbon sources are different: one carbon is from the N-substituent of pyridinium bromide and the other is from indene-1,3-dione.
Since a carbon disulfide-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (CS 2 -NMP, 1: 1 v/v) mixture was found by Iino et al. to be an excellent mixed solvent for extraction of some bituminous coals at room temperature, 1 it has attracted great attention of many coal chemists. [2][3][4][5] On the basis of consideration that the mixed solvent may extract some coals more effectively at higher temperatures, we attempted to investigate coal dissolution behavior in the mixed solvent at elevated temperatures. The reaction between CS 2 and NMP is undesirable during coal extraction. So, we first investigated thermal interaction between CS 2 and NMP. We found unexpectedly that a significant amount of NMP was converted by reacting with CS 2 at elevated temperatures. In this communication, we present our preliminary results regarding the reaction of NMP with CS 2 .CS 2 and NMP were commercial reagents and were used without further purification. A prescribed amount of CS 2 and 5 mL of NMP were put into a 100 mL stainless steel, magnetically stirred autoclave. After being pressurized with nitrogen to 5 MPa at room temperature, the autoclave was heated to an indicated temperature within 10 min and kept at the temperature for a prescribed period of time. Then the autoclave was immediately cooled to room temperature in an ice-water bath. The reaction mixture was taken out from the autoclave and analyzed by GC (HP 6890), GC/MS (HP 6890/5973), and GC/FTIR (HP 6890/Nicolet IR-560).Only one product from the liquid phase was detected. Figure 1 shows the mass spectrum of the product. The molecular ion M + at m/z 115 undergoes the CH 3 -N bond cleavage to afford a fragmental ion at m/z 100 and undergoes ring cleavage to afford fragmental ions at m/z 73 and 42. Similar ring cleavage in the resulting fragmental ion at m/z 100 leads to the formation of the fragmental ions at m/z 58 and 42. The fragmental ion at m/z 87 is afforded by losing -CH 2 CH 2 -from M + , whereas the fragmental ion at m/z 82 results from the cleavage of the CdS and its adjacent C-H bonds in M + . The fragmental ions at m/z 85 and 30 are produced by ring cleavage in M + followed by hydrogen shift. The product was further identified by its infrared spectrum shown in Figure 2. No absorption bands in the 1775-1685 cm -1 range were observed, indicating no carbonyl group exists in the product. The existence of -CH 3 and -CH 2 -can be seen from their absorption bands at 2970, 2931, 2877, and 1462 cm -1 . The absorption band at 1508 cm -1 is attributed to >N-CdS moiety. The absorption bands at 1404, 1223, 1142, and 1088 cm -1 testify to the presence of CH 3 -N<. The strongest absorption bands at 1317 and 1296 cm -1 are ascribed to >CdS stretching vibrations. Therefore, the product was identified to be N-methylpyrrolidine-2-thione (NMPT), suggesting the oxygen atom in carbonyl of NMP was substituted by a sulfur atom in CS 2 during thermal reaction shown in Scheme 1. Nomura, M.; Murata, S.; Artok, L. Energy Fuels 1999, 13, 518-528. Figure 1. Mass spectrum of the product derived from the reaction...
Performance appraisal of well-facilitated farmland projects has positive significance for promoting the development of modern agriculture in rural areas and carrying out rural revitalization. Based on the AHP-object metatopological model, a well-facilitated farmland project performance appraisal system is proposed to analyze the county performance of well-facilitated farmland construction. In this study, Fangcheng County, Henan Province, is selected as the research sample area and evaluated by applying the established index system. The results show that the overall performance grade of the well-facilitated farmland project in Fangcheng County is at an excellent level with both excellent and good rates reaching more than 90%, the output is slightly lower with excellent and good rates reaching 73%, and the benefit is the worst with excellent and good rates at 53%. These indicate that the construction effect of the well-facilitated farmland project in Fangcheng County is at a good level, but the benefits are not as satisfactory as expected. In the overall appraisal, excellent accounts for 48.1%, good accounts for 26.9%, average accounts for 16.3%, and poor accounts for 8.7%. Fangcheng County has achieved a good performance level in the construction of a well-facilitated farmland project in 2019, with almost full completion of project objectives and compliance with implementation standards. This study provides a system of county performance appraisal methods for well-facilitated farmland as well as its practical application in county-level units.
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