No abstract

No abstract

The application of nanomaterials in healthcare has emerged as a promising strategy due to their unique structural diversity, surface properties, and compositional diversity. In particular, they have found a significant role in improving drug delivery and inhibiting the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted their potential in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and enhancing the activity of immune cells to improve tumor therapy efficacy. Various types of nanomaterials are currently utilized as drug carriers, immunosuppressants, immune activators, immunoassay reagents, and more for tumor immunotherapy. Necessarily, nanomaterials used for tumor immunotherapy can be grouped into two categories: organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Though both have shown the ability to achieve the purpose of tumor immunotherapy, their composition and structural properties result in differences in their mechanisms and modes of action. Organic nanomaterials can be further divided into organic polymers, cell membranes, nanoemulsion‐modified, and hydrogel forms. At the same time, inorganic nanomaterials can be broadly classified as nonmetallic and metallic nanomaterials. The current review aims to explore the mechanisms of action of these different types of nanomaterials and their prospects for promoting tumor immunotherapy.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

No abstract

The oil recovery factor in tight oil reservoirs is quite low when compared with conventional reservoirs. CO2 injection and addition of surfactants in fracturing fluids to assist imbibition have been shown to be two effective and practical methods to enhance oil recovery of tight/shale reservoirs, which, for the former, achieves carbon sequestration as well. In this study, a series of imbibition and huff-n-puff (HNF) laboratory experiments were performed on tight oil samples to explore the possible combination of the two enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. After evaluation, a hybrid EOR strategy, CO2 HNF after surfactant-assisted imbibition, was proposed to enhance oil recovery in tight reservoirs. In the hybrid method, the imbibition process preferentially displaces the crude oil in relatively small pores, while the CO2 HNF process mostly produces the crude oil in relatively large pores. Imbibition and HNF compensate each other to recover the residual oil in the pore networks, which makes them a perfect combination to enhance oil recovery in tight reservoirs. In addition, the operation parameters including cycle number, injection volume, and soaking time of this hybrid EOR method were also examined, and the results showed that the optimization of these parameters is different from that in the conventional CO2 HNF operation. This work provides a promising hybrid EOR method and can be a good reference to evaluate operational parameters and improve the production performance for tight oil reservoirs.

No abstract

No abstract

Shale gas reservoirs are rich in microscale fractures. In this paper, the characteristics of gas percolation in microscale fractures are taken as the research object. By coupling the actual gas equation, the multi-component gas equation, and the bulk gas diffusion equation, analytical solutions of the comprehensive percolation equation are obtained. Through mathematical model research, the following conclusions are obtained: (a) after considering the slip flow of the solid surface, the mass flow rate of multi-component gas under different pressure conditions increases by about 20−10,000%. (b) Different from continuous flow and slip flow, the mass flow rate of bulk gas diffusion decreases with pressure increase. (c) The intersection pressure is 31 MPa. When the pressure increases from 0.5 MPa to the pressure at the intersection point, the mass flow rate of integrated flow increases with decrease of the methane content. (d) When the pressure continues to increase from the intersection point pressure, the mass flow rate of integrated flow decreases with decrease of the methane content.