Aureoboletus zangii sp. nov. is described from central China based on morphological and molecular analysis. This species is found fruiting in association with hardwood trees. It is similar to the European A. gentilis and Asian A. thibetanus but is characterized by the yellowish brown or reddish golden basidiomata, glutinous pileus with subtomentum, and viscid stipe. LSU sequence analysis supports the new species in Aureoboletus (Boletaceae). Photographs, line drawings, and a phylogenetic tree showing relationships with closely allied taxa are provided.
Two Suillus species from China, S. alpinus and S. aurihymenius, are described as new. Both S. alpinus, a subalpine species currently known only from southwestern China, and S. aurihymenius, a boreal species from northeast China, are strictly associated with larches and morphologically similar to the European S. tridentinus by having a viscid squamulose pileus and veiled stipe. Suillus alpinus is distinguished by a much duller basidiome, paler orange pores, a faint bluish discoloration of the context, and a heavily reticulate stipe apex, while S. aurihymenius has a reddish gold hymenium, a context that discolors a deep reddish brown, and a less squamulose pileus. The identities of the two new species and their affinity with S. tridentinus are supported by ITS-rDNA sequence analyses. Suillus tridentinus, S. alpinus, and S. aurihymenius form a monophyletic clade representing a morphologically similar European-Asian temperate lineage associated with Larix.
China’s listed companies have serious Principal-agent problem of the second kind. Large shareholders have violated the rights and interests of minority shareholders in an endless stream of cases. However, the voice of encouraging minority shareholders to actively participate in enterprise decision-making is growing day-by-day. However, there is no consensus on whether the enthusiasm of minority shareholders in decision-making can have a positive impact on enterprises. Therefore, this article takes China’s A-share listed companies from 2016 to 2020 as the research sample, and from the perspective of green innovation, discusses whether the minority shareholders’ active participation in enterprise decision-making can improve the level of green innovation of enterprises. The study found that the minority shareholders’ active participation in enterprise decision-making can improve the level of green innovation. Moreover, the minority shareholders’ “hand voting” improves the green innovation level of enterprises by influencing the media attention; A higher level of legal environment is conducive to strengthening the role of minority shareholders’ participation in the shareholders’ meeting in green innovation. Based on the property right nature, regional and industrial level, further research found that the minority share-holders’ role in improving green innovation capacity is more significant in non-state-owned enterprises, eastern regions and heavy pollution industries. The research results show that minority shareholders, as an important force to monitor the senior executives’ behavior and enhance corporate value, actively participate in corporate decision-making, can not only improve corporate governance, but also benefit the sustainable development of enterprises.
The C4H4 and C8H8 monocyclic polyene systems are treated automatically as the conjugated delocalized triplet molecules by Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) method, but this is inconsistent with their actual ground state structures associated with singlet state. In this work, both the singlet and triplet molecular structures of the fourmembered ring and the eight-membered ring were optimized by density functional theory (DFT), and the more accurate π bond orders were calculated. Based on the DFT calculated results, we suggested a solution that can correctly compute the π bond orders in the C4H4 and C8H8 monocyclic polyene systems by using the HMO method.
It is an effective expansion of the research on the Board of Directors to do the research based on different board meeting forms and their effects sampling A-share companies listed in 2007–2017, the article empirically tests the impact of the times of board meetings, the proportion of on-site board meetings on listed companies’ over-investment. Consequently and significantly, the times of board meetings is positively correlated with over-investment, while the proportion of on-site board meetings is negatively correlated with over-investment. That is, the on-site meeting for the Board decision-making will better inhibit the enterprises’ over-investment behaviors. Further research shows that when there is a controlling shareholder in the company or in a dual position, the on-site board meeting no longer has a significant inhibitory effect on over-investment. By research on the independence of the Board of Directors, it is found that when selecting on-site board decision-making, the existence of independent directors has an over-investment suppression effect, and the higher the proportion of independent directors, the more obvious the inhibitory effect is. The samples are divided into state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, the study found that when choosing on-site board meetings, state-owned enterprises have a greater inhibitory effect on over-investment than private enterprises. The findings of this study will enrich the research of the board meeting and provide a new testing method for the relevant research of the Board of Directors.
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