Within the limitations of this systematic review, although all-ceramic RBFDPs have a favorable 5-year survival rate, this rate cannot represent the complete success of the treatment, since it may include typical complications such as debonding and fractures. There is an urgent need for long-term clinical studies, especially for well-designed RCTs on all-ceramic RBFDPs.

Objectives Interleukin (IL)‐37 is a natural suppressor of innate inflammation. This study was conducted to explore the anti‐inflammatory effects of IL‐37 in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation. Materials and Methods The expression of IL‐37 in the TMJ was measured using ELISA and IHC. Human TMJ chondrocytes were treated with IL‐37b and IL‐1β, and inflammation‐related factors were detected. siRNA‐IL‐1R8 was transfected into chondrocytes, and the affected pathways were detected. IL‐37b was used in disc‐perforation‐induced TMJ inflammation in SD rats. Micro‐CT, IHC, real‐time PCR and histological staining were used to quantify the therapeutic effect of IL‐37b. Results IL‐37 was expressed in the synovium and the disc of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and in the articular cartilage of condylar fracture patients. IL‐37 was highly expressed in synovial fluid of patients with synovitis than in those with OA and disc displacement and was closely related to visual analogue scale (VAS) score. In vitro, IL‐37b suppressed the expression of pro‐inflammatory factors. In addition, IL‐37b exerted anti‐inflammatory effects via IL‐1R8 by inhibiting the p38, ERK, JNK and NF‐κB activation, while silencing IL‐1R8 led to inflammation and upregulation of these signals. In disc‐perforation‐induced TMJ inflammation in SD rats, IL‐37b suppressed inflammation and inhibited osteoclast formation to protect against TMJ. Conclusions IL‐37b may be a novel therapeutic agent for TMJ inflammation.

Astragalus Polysaccharide (APS) is an important feed additive due to its immunomodulatory functions. Previous studies have proven that miRNAs play important roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. Our goals were to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in testes in responses to APS dietary supplements and to find the effects of APS on breeder cock testes. We measured several enzymatic activities in testes and sperm samples and further generated miRNA expression profiles of testes from breeder cocks fed with control diets and extra APS. As a result, we found APS could increase testicular functional activities of marker enzymes. Meanwhile, there were 16 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated miRNAs in APS group, compared with the control group meeting the criteria of P-values < 0.05. Meanwhile, twelve differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by Mir-XTM miRNA RT-qPCR. Further GO and KEGG analyses of target genes for differentially expressed miRNAs revealed that some miRNAs may be involved in testicular nutrient metabolisms and NK cell mediated cytotoxicity pathway. Moreover, the effect of dietary APS supplements on NK cell mediated cytotoxicity pathway was also validated by RT-qPCR. Our results provided a novel insight into the effect of dietary APS supplements on testicular miRNA expression profiles and enzymatic changes of breeder cocks.

No abstract