1 Agriphila aeneociliella (Eversmann) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was newly reported in China in 2010. Its larvae severely damage wheat in early spring and cause substantial economic losses in wheat crops. 2 The present study involves a detailed study of the demography of A. aeneociliella based on the age-stage, two-sex life table. The developmental threshold and the effective accumulated temperature have been calculated for each developmental stage. 3 Individuals were found to have either six or seven instars, with the percentage of seven-instar larvae increasing at higher temperatures. 4 The total pre-adult development time ranged from 119.67 days at 25 ∘ C to 147.26 days at 18 ∘ C. The highest pre-adult survival rate was 72.60% at 18 ∘ C, whereas the highest mean fecundity was 495.53 eggs per female at 25 ∘ C. The highest growth rates (r = 0.0368 day −1 , = 1.0375 day −1 ) were observed at 23 ∘ C, whereas the shortest mean generation time (T = 127.67 days) occurred at 25 ∘ C. No significant differences were found in population parameters between cohorts raised at 23 and 25 ∘ C. 5 The present study provides a basis for understanding the population ecology of A. aeneociliella and can be instrumental in constructing future integrated pest management programmes against this widespread pest.
Mushroom, as a popular kind of wild edible fungi, has raised the attention of many scientists around the globe, due to the fact that increasing numbers of fatal mushroom poisoning cases worldwide have been reported each year. Therefore, to overcome the issue of fatality of mushrooms with an attempt to help people prevent mushroom poisoning, studying mushroom toxicology has become a significant topic to many biochemists; a growing number of researches are conducted focusing on mushroom toxins as well as their chemical properties and toxicity mechanism. In this review, properties and mechanisms of three major toxins (amatoxin, antamanide, muscarine) are chosen as the research focus. The three major toxins, which are extracted from wild mushrooms, will be summarized and studied based on past research findings. Our goals are trying to find possible treatments of each toxin as well as their potential usage in the pharmaceutical industry, which can be especially beneficial towards research of mushroom-extracted drug and food-poisoning toxicity treatment for further investigation and academic references.
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