The rapid expansion of electric vehicles and mobile electronic devices is the main driver for the improvement of advanced high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The electrochemical performance of LIB depends on the specific capacity, rate performance and cycle stability of the electrode material. In terms of the enhancement of LIB performance, the improvement of anode material is also significant compared with cathode material. There are still some challenges in producing an industrial anode material that is superior to commercial graphite. Based on the different electrochemical reaction mechanisms of anode materials for LIBs during charge and discharge, the advantages/disadvantages and electrochemical reaction mechanisms of intercalation-type anode materials, conversion-type anode materials and alloying-type anode materials are summarized in detail. The methods and strategies for improving electrochemical performance of different types of anode materials are emphatically described. Finally, the challenges to the future development of LIBs will be considered. This review can offer meaningful reference value for the construction and performance optimization of anode materials for LIBs.
We report the synthesis and properties of a low-density (∼5 mg/cm) and highly porous (99.6% void space) three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) nanocomposite aerogel as the scaffold for cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The rGO-PAA is both simple and starts from readily available graphite and PAA, thereby providing a scalable fabrication procedure. The scaffold can support as much as a 75 mg/cm loading of LiFePO (LFP) in a ∼430 μm thick layer, and the porosity of the aerogel is tunable by compression; the flexible aerogel can be compressed 30-fold (i.e., to as little as 3.3% of its initial volume) while retaining its mechanical integrity. Replacement of the Al foil by the rGO-PAA current collector of the slurry-cast LFP (1.45 ± 0.2 g/cm tap density) provides for exemplary mass loadings of 9 mg/cm at 70 μm thickness and 1.4 g/cm density or 16 mg/cm at 100 μm thickness and ∼1.6 g/cm density. When compared to Al foil, the distribution of LFP throughout the three-dimensional rGO-PAA framework doubles the effective LFP solution-contacted area at 9 mg/cm loading and increases it 2.5-fold at 16 mg/cm loading. Overall, the rGO-PAA current collector increases the volumetric capacity by increasing the effective electrode area without compromising the electrode density, which was compromised in past research where the effective electrode area has been increased by reducing the particle size.
The “carbon capture, utilization and storage” project has attracted considerable attention in recent years as the demands for reducing CO2 emissions increased. However, the produced fluids during CO2‐enhanced oil recovery (EOR) production are supersaturated with high‐pressure CO2 gas, which leads to serious corrosion damages of the pipelines. To model the corrosive conditions during CO2–EOR production, a self‐designed multiphase flow loop for internal corrosion evaluation was built. The role of flow patterns and emulsification that decisively influencing pipeline corrosion was systematically investigated. It was found that a higher gas‐to‐liquid ratio could be beneficial for reducing pipeline corrosion, which was attributed to a reduction in slug frequency and an enhancement in the stirring effect on the oil–brine mixtures. It was also found that corrosion can be completely inhibited if the transporting liquids were properly controlled under water‐in‐oil emulsion condition. A model considering the transport parameters that ensures the safety of crude‐oil transportation is proposed. It suggests that corrosion control by designing the transport parameters would be a suitable and economic method for tackling the corrosion damages to CO2–EOR pipelines. These ideas have been accepted for guiding the pipeline engineering in the CO2–EOR section of the Shengli oilfield.
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